查看“︁氯化铵”︁的源代码

{{distinguish|氯酸銨}}
{{Chembox
| ImageFile = Ammonium chloride.jpg
| ImageSize = 
| IUPACName = Ammonium chloride
| OtherNames = 电盐,盐精,气药粉,盐硇,电气药粉
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
|   CASNo = 12125-02-9
|   EINECS = 235-186-4
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 01Q9PC255D
| UNNumber = 3077
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D01139
| InChI = 1/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 31206
| SMILES = [Cl-].[NH4+]
| InChIKey = NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYAI
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| PubChem = 25517
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID=23807
| RTECS = BP4550000
  }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = NH<sub>4</sub>Cl
|   MolarMass = 53.49 
|   Appearance = 无色或白色晶体
|   Density = 1.527 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|   MeltingPtC = 338 
|   BoilingPt = 520 °C (968 °F; 793 K)
|   Solubility = 29.7 g/100 mL (0 °C)<br>37.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)<br>77.3 g/100 mL (100 °C)
|   SolubleOther = 0.6 g/100 mL (19 °C)
|   Solvent = [[酒精]]
|   Enthalpy of Formation = -1410 cal/g
  }}
| Section5       = {{Chembox Pharmacology
|ATCCode_prefix = B05
|ATCCode_suffix = XA04
|ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|G04|BA01}}
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   MainHazards = 
|  EUIndex = 017-014-00-8 
|  RPhrases = {{R22}}-{{R36}}
|  SPhrases = {{S2}}-{{S22}}
|  NFPA-H = 2
|  NFPA-F = 0 
|  NFPA-R = 0
|  NFPA-O = 
|   FlashPt = 
|   Autoignition = 
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[溴化铵]]、[[碘化铵]]、[[氟化铵]]
| OtherCations = [[氯化钾]]、[[氯化钠]]}}
}}

'''氯化铵'''（化学式：{{化學式|銨|氯|link=}}）无色立方晶体或白色结晶，其味鹹凉有微苦。易溶于[[水]]和液[[氨]]，并微溶于[[醇]]；但不溶于[[丙酮]]和[[乙醚]]。水溶液呈弱[[酸性]]，加热时酸性增强。

由于[[铵]]离子的配位性，氯化铵溶液对金属有腐蚀性，特别对[[铜]]腐蚀更大。

==制備==
氯化铵由[[氨气]]与[[氯化氢]]或[[氨水]]与[[盐酸]]发生[[中和反应]]得到，由氨氣與氯化氫合成的反應過程中會產生白煙。
:<chem>NH3 + HCl -> NH4Cl</chem>

==反应==
加热时，氯化铵分解为[[氯化氢]]及[[氨|氨气]]：
:<chem>NH4Cl <=>  NH3 ^ + HCl ^</chem>

備註：如果容器是开放体系，此反应只向右进行。

同時，氯化銨跟鹼（[[氢氧化钠|氫氧化鈉]]、[[氢氧化钙|氫氧化鈣]]等）反應，生成氨氣。這是實驗室裡製備氨氣的常用方法之一。由於氨氣密度比空氣低，所以需要用[[向下排氣法]]（向上導氣法）來收集氨氣。

:<chem>NH4Cl + NaOH -> NH3 ^ + NaCl + H2O</chem>

==用途==
*主要用于制造[[电池]]、[[蓄电池]]、[[铵盐]]、[[鞣革]]，进行[[电镀]]、添加於食物（如[[咸甘草糖]]）、[[照相]]或生产[[粘合剂]]、天气瓶等。

*度量[[華氏溫度]]時，使用冰、水、氯化銨混合的鹽水可以保持在華氏0度，是作為華氏溫度計的主要參考依據。此鹽水在發表華氏溫度時是當時能製做出來最冷的環境。<ref name='why32'>{{cite web |url=http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae64.cfm |title=Why does the Fahrenheit scale use 32 degrees as a freezing point? |accessdate=2008-05-09 |last=Heath |first=Jonathan |publisher=PhysLink |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527225314/http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae64.cfm |dead-url=no }}</ref>

==参考来源==
{{reflist}}
{{铵盐}}
{{氯化物}}
{{Urologicals, including antispasmodics}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:铵盐]]
[[Category:氯化物]]
[[Category:非金属卤化物]]
[[Category:金属卤化物]]
[[Category:炼金术物质]]
[[Category:化學肥料]]
[[Category:基礎化學]]