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…rty, A. McCallum, and F. Pereira. Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data. In ''ICML'', 2001.</ref><ref>A. …

…nd other variants". In Michael I. Jordan (editor), ''Learning in Graphical Models'' pp 355-368. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. …the EM equations for Gaussian Mixtures and Gaussian Mixture Hidden Markov Models. …

…ders Krogh, Graeme Mitchison, "Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids". ''Cambridge University Press'', 1999, ISBN …

…样本，并基于马尔科夫链达到平稳分布时的样本（有效样本）进行蒙特卡罗积分。设<math>n</math>为产生的总样本数，<math>m</math>为Markov链达到平稳时的样本数则MCMC方法的基本思路可概括为： * 构造Markov链。构造一条Markov链，给定马尔科夫链状态转移矩阵<math>Q</math>，使其收敛到平稳分布<math>\pi(x)</math>； …

'''隐马尔可夫模型'''（{{lang-en|Hidden Markov Model}}；[[縮寫]]：{{lang|en|'''HMM'''}}），或稱作'''-{zh-cn:隐性马尔可夫模型;zh-tw:隱性馬可夫模型} …eexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=212242 Use of hidden Markov models for partial discharge pattern classification] {{Wayback|url=http://ieeexplo …

…tp://web.mit.edu/dimitrib/www/dpchapter.pdf |title=Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes |last=Howard |first=Ronald A. |publisher=The M.I.T. Press |year=1 [[File:Markov Decision Process.svg|thumb|400x400px|一个简单的MDP示例，包含三个状态（绿色圆圈）和两个动作（橙色圆圈），以及两 …

…007%2F0-387-21525-5_1}}</ref>、'''替代矩阵'''（substitution matrix）、'''马尔可夫矩阵'''（Markov matrix）或'''转移概率矩阵'''（transition probability matrix）。它的每一项都是一个表示[[概率]]的非负[[实 * [[Models of DNA evolution]] …

…模型又优于离散隐马模型。从算法复杂度上来看则正好相反。<ref>L.R. Rabiner, “A tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and selected applications in speech …ust text-independent speaker identification using Gaussian mixture speaker models”, IEEE Transaction on Speech Audio Process, vol. 3, pp. 72–83, 1995.</ref>: …

== 馬可夫毯（Markov blanket） == * [[马尔科夫蒙特卡洛|馬可夫链蒙地卡羅演算法]]（Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm） …

…jcss.2011.12.025 | title = A spectral algorithm for learning Hidden Markov Models | journal = Journal of Computer and System Sciences | volume = 78 | issue… …

…nb|Pratt|Thrun|1998}}</ref>以及对其理论基础的更深入完善的分析。<ref>Baxter, J., "Theoretical Models of Learning to Learn", pp. 71-95 {{Harvnb|Pratt|Thrun|1998}}</ref>1998年，由普拉 …1=Lilyana|first2=Tuyen|first3=Raymond J.|contribution=Mapping and Revising Markov Logic Networks for Transfer|contribution-url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users …

…. 892-901.</ref>、1960年<ref>Stratonovich, R.L. (1960). ''Application of the Markov processes theory to optimal filtering''. Radio Engineering and Electronic… …lter}}或是假定密度濾波器（Assumed Density Filters）<ref>Maybeck, Peter S., Stochastic models, estimation, and control, Volume 141, Series Mathematics in Science and Eng …

| title =Dynamical Reduction Models …last2 = Pearle| first2 = Philip| last3 = Rimini| first3 = Alberto| title = Markov processes in Hilbert space and continuous spontaneous localization of syste …

卡尔曼滤波建立在[[线性代数]]和[[隐马尔可夫模型]]（hidden Markov model）上。其基本动态系统可以用一个[[马尔可夫链]]表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯[[噪声]]（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的[[线性算子]]上的 :[[File:HMMKalmanFilterDerivation.png|463-239|Hidden Markov Model]] …

…言資料不足，<ref name="autogenerated1971">Braine, M.D.S. (1971). On two types of models of the internalization of grammars. In D.I. Slobin (Ed.), The ontogenesis… …ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=18626|title=A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition|journal=Proceedings of the …

…ν 的轉移機率 ''P''_β(ν) 只和目前狀態 μ有關 。事實上，Metropolis 演算法就是[[馬可夫蒙地卡羅]](Markov Chain Monte Carlo)的一個版本。而且因為演算時採用的是單一自旋反轉法，每個狀態可視為和另外 ''L'' 個狀態相連，而每一個狀態轉移則 …tions of the One-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional Ising Models. - Nano Science and Nano Technology: An Indian Journal. 2012. Vol. 6. No 3. …

…lexity-Reducing Hierarchical Statistical Models)、動差或最大概似法為主的估計、EM及馬可夫鏈蒙地卡羅(Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC)演算方法等已被使用；且認為而使用統計方法來解決此問題的領域仍具有發展性，而未來應有更多現存的統計方法可 …

…ician)| edition= 2nd ed., Cambridge Mathematical Library|title=Diffusions, Markov Processes and Martingales, Vol 2: Ito Calculus |publisher=[[Cambridge Unive …Armstrong, J., Bellani, C., Brigo, D. and Cass, T. (2021). Option pricing models without probability: a rough paths approach. Mathematical Finance, vol. 31, …