查看“︁Dsp2杂化”︁的源代码

{{noteTA
|T=zh-hans:dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化; zh-hant:dsp<sup>2</sup>混成;
|1=zh-hans:轨道; zh-hant:軌域;
|2=zh-hans:杂化; zh-hant:混成;
|G1=Chemistry
}}
{{Infobox OH
| name = dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化
| element = 铜
| electron configuration = 
<math>
Pt^{*}\,[Xe]5d^8
\frac{\color{White}/}{(dsp^2)^4}
\frac{\color{White}/}{6p}
</math>
| s orbital = 1
| p orbital = 2
| d orbital = 1
| f orbital = 
| B = 
| C = 
| N = 
| O = 
| P = 
| S = 
| Fe = 
| Co = 
| Ni = [Ni(CN)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup><ref>{{cite journal
 | author = Mostafa F. Amr El Sayed, Raymond K. Sheline 
 | title = The Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the [Ni(CN)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-4</sup> Ion
 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc.
 | volume = 80
 | issue = 9
 | pages = 2047-2048
 | date = May 5, 1958
 | doi = 10.1021/ja01542a005 
 | url = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01542a005
 | language = en }}</ref>
 | Cu = [[氧化铜|CuO]]<ref name = "Evans">{{cite book
 |author       = R. C. Evans
 |title        = An Introduction to Crystal Chemistry
 |chapter      = The Structure of Some Simple Compounds
 |pages        = 141
 |publisher    = Cambridge University Press
 |location     = Cambridge
 |ISBN         = 978-0-521-09367-5
 |language     = en
 |url          = http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=bgo4AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=false
 |date         = Jan 1, 1964
 |access-date  = 2012-01-28
 |archive-date = 2016-03-07
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090141/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=bgo4AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=false
 |dead-url     = no
}}</ref>、[Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>
| Pd = [[氧化钯|PdO]]<ref name = "Evans"/>、[PdH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup><ref name = "Bruce King">{{cite book
 | author = Klaus Yvon & Guillaume Renaudin
 | editor = R. Bruce King
 | title = Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry
 | edition = 2<sup>nd</sup>
 | chapter = Hydrides: Solid State Transition Metal Complexes
 | volume = Ⅲ
 | pages = 1814-1846
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
 | location = Chichester
 | ISBN = 0-470-86078-2
 | language = en
 | url = http://renaudin.guillaume.free.fr/Publications/31_EncyInorgChem05-2emeEdition_VolIII_1814.pdf
 | access-date = 2012-01-28
 | archive-date = 2008-11-15
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081115180946/http://renaudin.guillaume.free.fr/Publications/31_EncyInorgChem05-2emeEdition_VolIII_1814.pdf
 | dead-url = no
 }}</ref>
| Pt = [[一硫化铂|PtS]]<ref>{{cite book
 | author = Howard W. Jaffe  
 | title = Introduction to Crystal Chemistry
 | chapter = The Crystal Chemistry of the Covalent Bond
 | pages = 39
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press 
 | location = Cambridge
 | ISBN = 978-0-521-36985-5
 | language = en
 | url = http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=QVc7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=Jan 1988}}</ref>、[PtCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>
 | other = [RhH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>3-</sup><ref name = "Bruce King"/>
}}
'''dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化'''（{{lang-en|dsp<sup>2</sup> hybridization}}）是指一个[[原子]]内的一个''n-1''[[d轨道]]、一个''n''[[s轨道]]和两个''n''[[p轨道]]发生[[轨道杂化|杂化]]的过程。原子发生dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化后，上述''n-1''d轨道、''n''s轨道和''n''p轨道便会转化成为四个等价的[[杂化轨道]]，称为“[[dsp2杂化轨道|dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化轨道]]”。四个dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化轨道存在于同一[[平面 (数学)|平面]]上，且[[对称轴]]两两之间的[[夹角]]相同，皆为90[[度|°]]，故dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化也称为“'''平面正方形杂化'''”。<ref>{{cite web
 | publisher = 彭军
 | title = 含有d轨道的杂化作用
 | work = 化学键的共价键理论：现代价键理论
 | accessdate = 2012-01-28
 | language = zh
 | url = http://media.openonline.com.cn/media_file/rm/dongshi2004/gaodengwujihuaxue/content/pc2/2-2-2-3.htm
 | archive-date = 2015-04-02
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123243/http://media.openonline.com.cn/media_file/rm/dongshi2004/gaodengwujihuaxue/content/pc2/2-2-2-3.htm
 | dead-url = no
 }}</ref>dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化一般发生在[[分子]]形成过程中。杂化过程中，[[能量]]相近的d轨道、s轨道和p轨道发生叠加，不同类型的[[原子轨道]]重新分配能量并调整方向。

一般只有[[过渡金属]][[元素]]才能发生dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化。以[PtCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>中的[[化合价|二价]][[铂]][[离子]]（Pt<sup>2+</sup>）为例：处于[[基态]]的Pt<sup>2+</sup>（[[电子排布式]]为：<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[氙|Xe]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>8</sup>），它的一个空的5d轨道、一个空的6s轨道和两个空的6p轨道进行dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化，形成四个dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化轨道。<ref>{{cite web
 | title = An example of dsp<sup>2</sup> hybridization
 | work = Chemical Bonding: Multiple bonds, d orbitals
 | accessdate = 2012-01-28
 | language = en
 | url = http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/cb07.html#3C
 | archive-date = 2012-01-18
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118230019/http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/cb07.html#3C
 | dead-url = no
 }}</ref>该过程中Pt<sup>2+</sup>的轨道排布变化情况如下图所示（图中灰色的[[配位键|配位]]电子对由4个[[氯离子]]提供）：

{{Image label begin|image=二价铂离子dsp2杂化示意.jpg|center|link=|width={{{width|600}}}|float={{{float|none}}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.55|y=0.081|scale={{{width|500}}}|text=dsp<sup>2</sup>杂化}}
{{Image label end}}

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

{{軌域}}

[[category:轨道杂化]]
[[Category:軌域]]