查看“︁高氯酸铵”︁的源代码

{{NoteTA|G1=Chemistry}}
{{Chembox
|   Name = 高氯酸銨
|   CustomizedImage = [[File:Ammonium.svg|80px|铵离子]] [[File:Perchlorat-Ion.svg|80px|高氯酸根离子]]
|   IUPACName = Ammonium perchlorate
|   OtherNames = AP
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7790-98-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
|    SMILES  =  O=Cl(=O)(=O)O-.[NH4+]
|  ChemSpiderID_Ref  = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|  ChemSpiderID  =  23041
|  InChI  =  1/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3
|  InChIKey  =  HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYAD
|  StdInChI_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|  StdInChI  =  1S/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3
|  StdInChIKey_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|  StdInChIKey  =  HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|  EINECS  =  232-235-1
|  RTECS  =  SC7520000
|  PubChem  =  24639
|  UNNumber  =  1442
|  UNII  =  Z3DQ8VD57X
  
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub>
|   MolarMass = 117.48876 
|   Appearance = 白色顆粒
|   Density = 1.95 
|   Solubility = 18.5 g/100 g (15°C)<ref>Atherton Seidell. ''Solubilities of inorganic and organic compounds c. 2''. D. Van Nostrand Co., '''1919''', p. 44.</ref>
|   MeltingPt = 分解<ref> Liu L., Li F., Tan L., Ming L., and Yi Y.
''Effects of Nanometer Ni, Cu, Al and NiCu Powders on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate''. Propellant, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, '''29''', 2004, pp. 34-38</ref>
|   BoilingPt =  
|   pKa = 
|   pKb = 
|   Viscosity = 
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
|   MolShape = 
|   Coordination = 
|   CrystalStruct = [[斜方晶系]] (< 240°C)<br />[[等軸晶系]] (> 240°C)
|   Dipole =
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   ExternalMSDS =[http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AM/ammonium_perchlorate.html 英文MSDS]
|   wxxfh={{wxxfh|E|Xn}}
|   SPhrases = {{S14}}, {{S16}}, {{S27}}, {{S36}}, {{S37}}
|   RPhrases = {{R9}}, {{R20}}, {{R21}}, {{R22}}
|   NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-R = 4 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-O = OX
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   OtherAnions = [[氯酸銨]]<br />[[氯化銨]]
|   OtherCations = [[高氯酸鉀]]<br />[[高氯酸鈉]]<br />[[高氯酸鋰]]
  }}
}}
[[File:Ammonium perchlorate 100g.jpg|thumb|]]

'''高氯酸銨'''（ammonium perchlorate，AP）是一種无色或白色[[結晶]]，[[分子式]]為 NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub>，属强氧化剂，有刺激性气味，有吸湿性、[[潮解]]性<ref>{{术语在线|term =高氯酸铵 |urlid =b31ffab6cef811eeaadc0242ac110002 }}</ref>。它通常可用來制造无烟[[炸藥]]、[[烟火]]、[[火箭]]推进剂和導彈固體[[燃料]]，分解時會产生大量[[气体]]，并用作分析试剂。

==制备==
高氯酸铵常见有两种制备方式，一是利用[[氨水]]和[[高氯酸]]的酸碱进行中和反应，二是利用铵盐和[[高氯酸钠]]的复分解反应：
: <chem>NH3*H2O + HClO4  -> NH4ClO4 + H2O</chem>
: <chem>NH4Cl + NaClO4 -> NH4ClO4 + NaCl</chem>

在这个反应中，溶解度较小的高氯酸铵会首先析出。

==化学性质==
高氯酸铵是对热不稳定的，受热猛烈分解：

<chem>2 NH4ClO4 -> Cl2 ^ + N2 ^ + 2 O2 ^ + 4 H2O</chem>

==注意事项==
高氯酸銨是强[[氧化剂]]。与[[还原剂]]、[[有机物]]、易燃物如[[硫]]、[[磷]]或[[金属]]粉末等混合會發生[[爆炸]]。急剧加热时可能发生爆炸，生成[[氮气]]、[[氯气]]和[[水分子|水]]等<ref name="chemyq">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chemyq.com/xz/xz1/2913iuiym.htm |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-03-16 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195901/http://www.chemyq.com/xz/xz1/2913iuiym.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==相關==
*[[多孔高氯酸铵]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{铵盐}}
{{高氯酸盐}}

[[Category:銨鹽]]
[[Category:高氯酸盐]]
[[Category:缺少物质图片的化学品条目]]