查看“︁高氯酸盐”︁的源代码

{{noteTA
|T=zh-cn:高氯酸盐;zh-hk:過氯酸鹽;zh-tw:過氯酸鹽;
|1=zh-cn:高氯酸;zh-hk:過氯酸;zh-tw:過氯酸;
}}
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464198728
| ImageFile1 = Perchlorate-2D-dimensions.png
| ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSize1 = 170
| ImageName1 = 過氯酸根离子的结构。
| ImageFileL1 = Perchlorate-3D-balls.png
| ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSizeL1 = 130
| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of the perchlorate ion
| ImageFileR1 = Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png
| ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSizeR1 = 130
| ImageNameR1 = 過氯酸根离子的[[空间填充模型]]。
| SystematicName = Perchlorate<ref>{{Cite web|title = Perchlorate - PubChem Public Chemical Database|url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=123351&loc=ec_rcs|work = The PubChem Project|location = USA|publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate = 2019-04-07|archive-date = 2014-04-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010207/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=123351&loc=ec_rcs|dead-url = no}}</ref>
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4524
| CASNo = 14797-73-0
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 123351
| ChemSpiderID = 109953
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB03138
| MeSHName = 180053
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 49706
| ChEMBL = 1161634
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| Gmelin = 2136
| SMILES = [O-][Cl+3]([O-])([O-])[O-]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem|ClO|4|−}}
| MolarMass = 99.451 g mol<sup>−1</sup>
| ConjugateAcid = [[過氯酸]]
}}
}}

'''過氯酸盐'''是[[過氯酸]]形成的[[盐 (化学)|盐]]类，含有四面体型的'''過氯酸根'''离子—<chem>ClO4{^-}</chem>，其中[[氯]]的[[氧化态]]为+7。過氯酸盐存在于自然界中，主要用作火箭燃料和烟火中的[[氧化剂]]和[[安全气囊]]中的[[爆炸物]]。多数過氯酸盐可溶于水。<ref>[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp162.pdf Draft Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates] {{Wayback|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp162.pdf|date=20080409150923}}, [[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]], U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, September, 2005.</ref>

常见的高氯酸盐有：
*[[高氯酸铵]]—<chem>NH4ClO4</chem>，用作固体火箭燃料中的氧化剂
*[[高氯酸铯]]—<chem>CsClO4</chem>
*[[高氯酸锂]]—<chem>LiClO4</chem>，放热分解放出氧气，用作空间飞船中的[[生氧剂]]
*[[高氯酸镁]]—<chem>Mg(ClO4)2</chem>
*[[高氯酸钾]]—<chem>KClO4</chem>，用于烟火中
*[[高氯酸铷]]—<chem>RbClO4</chem>
*[[高氯酸银]]—<chem>AgClO4</chem>
*[[高氯酸钠]]—<chem>NaClO4</chem>
{{seealso|Category:高氯酸盐}}

==氧化性==
尽管其中氯的氧化态为+7，但在[[氯酸盐#其他氯含氧酸|氯的所有含氧酸根离子]]中，高氯酸根离子在水溶液的[[氧化性]]最弱。<ref>{{Cotton&Wilkinson5th|page=564}}</ref>{{cn|这是由于氯在高氯酸根离子中处于四面体的中心，不易发生反应。大多数高氯酸盐，尤其是电正性金属如[[钠]]形成的化合物如[[高氯酸钠]]，都相对较稳定，也因此可以取代曾经用于烟火中但具不稳定性的[[氯酸盐]]类氧化剂。}}

在溶液中，Ru(II)可以将<chem>ClO4{^-}</chem>还原为<chem>ClO3{^-}</chem>，V(II)、V(III)、Mo(III)、二聚Mo(III)、Cr(II)和Ti(III)都可将<chem>ClO4{^-}</chem>还原为<chem>Cl-</chem>。<ref>Edward T. Urbansky. [https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/perchlorate/urbansky2.pdf Perchlorate Chemistry: Implications for Analysis and Remediation] {{Wayback|url=https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/perchlorate/urbansky2.pdf |date=20170215220333 }}, 1998</ref>

==溶解性==

几乎所有高氯酸盐都可溶于水，且具有吸湿性或潮解性（铵盐、钾盐、铅盐和亚汞盐不潮解），[[高氯酸钾]]难溶于乙醇（和[[高氯酸钠]]不同）。<ref>{{cite book | last=Prescott | first=A.B. | last2=Johnson | first2=O.C. | title=Qualitative Chemical Analysis: A Guide in Qualitative Work, with Data for Analytical Operations and Laboratory Methods in Inorganic Chemistry | publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company | year=1901 | url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=9t8JAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2021-11-27 | page=342 | archive-date=2021-11-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127021313/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=9t8JAAAAIAAJ | dead-url=no }}</ref>

==参见==
*[[高溴酸盐]]、[[高碘酸盐]]
*[[次氯酸盐]]、[[亚氯酸盐]]、[[氯酸盐]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{高氯酸盐}}

[[Category:按阴离子分类的化合物]]
[[Category:高氯酸盐| ]]
[[Category:非配位阴离子]]