查看“︁铬酰氯”︁的源代码

{{Chembox
| Name = 铬酰氯
| ImageFileL1 = Chromyl-chloride-2D.png
| ImageNameL1 = 铬酰氯的结构式
| ImageFileR1 = Chromyl-chloride-3D-balls.png
| ImageNameR1 = 铬酰氯的空间填充模型
| ImageFile2 = Chromyl chloride.jpg
| IUPACName = Chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide
| IUPACNameZh = 二氯二氧化铬(VI)
| OtherNames = 氧氯化铬、氧化铬氯、氯化铬酰
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 14977-61-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
|  PubChem  = 
|  SMILES  = 
|  RTECS  =  GB5775000
 |  InChI1  =  1/2ClH.Cr.2O/h2*1H;;;/q;;+2;;/p-2/rCl2CrO2/c1-3(2,4)5
|  InChIKey1  =  AHXGRMIPHCAXFP-GRYJOLFGAD
|  ChemSpiderID  =  21106426
|  ChemSpiderID_Ref  = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|  EINECS  =  239-056-8
|  ChEBI_Ref  = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|  ChEBI  =  33038
|  StdInChI_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|  StdInChI  =  1S/2ClH.Cr.2O/h2*1H;;;/q;;+2;;/p-2
|  StdInChIKey_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|  StdInChIKey  =  AHXGRMIPHCAXFP-UHFFFAOYSA-L
|  InChI  =  1S/2ClH.Cr.2O/h2*1H;;;/q;;+2;;/p-2
|  InChIKey  =  AHXGRMIPHCAXFP-UHFFFAOYSA-L
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = CrO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
| MolarMass = 154.9008 
| Appearance = 深红色发烟液体
| Density = 1.911 g/mL（液）
| MeltingPt = -96.5℃
| BoilingPt = 117℃
| Solubility = 分解
 }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| Autoignition =
| RPhrases = {{R8}}, {{R35}} {{R43}}, {{R46}}, {{R49}}, {{R50/53}}
| SPhrases = {{S45}}, {{S53}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}}
 }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherCpds = [[硫酰氯]]、[[三氯氧钒]]、<br />[[二氯二氧化钼]]、<br />[[二氯二氧化钨]]}}
}}
'''铬酰氯'''（{{lang-en|Chromyl Chloride}}）是一種无机化合物，[[化学式]]為CrO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>。它是一種暗红色有刺鼻气味的液体，遇水剧烈分解，在空气中发烟。能溶于[[氯仿]]、[[苯]]、[[二硫化碳]]、[[四氯化碳]]、[[三氯氧磷]]。具强[[氧化性]]，是有机合成试剂，也用作溶剂。会腐蚀橡胶和大部分塑料。

== 制备 ==
由[[三氧化铬]]与[[氯化氢]]反应得到。一般用[[重铬酸钾]]/[[铬酸钾]]与浓[[盐酸]]反应，并加入[[硫酸]]作脱水剂。反应后的反应液出现分层，密度较大的铬酰氯为下层，用[[分液]]或[[分馏]]的方法即可分离出来。<ref>Sisler, H. H. "Chromyl Chloride" Inorganic Synthesis McGraw-Hill: New York, 1946; Vol. 2, pp 205–207.</ref>

铬酰氯也可由[[重铬酸钾]]分别与[[五氯化磷]]、[[四氯化钛]]、[[氯磺酸]]或[[浓硫酸]]+[[氯化钠]]作用得到。<ref>{{cite book en|last= Moody |first= B.J. |title= Comparative Inorganic Chemistry |url= https://archive.org/details/comparativeinorg0000mood_r1i3 |origyear= 1965 |edition= 1 |publisher= Edward Arnold |location= London |language= en |chapter= 22 |page= [https://archive.org/details/comparativeinorg0000mood_r1i3/page/381 381] }}</ref>

:<math>\rm K_2Cr_2O_7+4NaCl+6H_2SO_4 \xrightarrow {\Delta} CrO_2Cl_2+2KHSO_4</math><math>\rm \ +4NaHSO_4+3H_2O</math>

== 性质 ==
为四面体型分子，铬原子位于中心，为VI[[氧化态]](+6)。氧化性比[[铬酸根]]离子更强。具很强的[[亲电性]]。

与[[硫的同素异形体|无定形硫]]混合发生自燃。遇水迅速发生[[水解]]，生成盐酸和[[铬酸]]，液体在潮湿空气中发烟。
:<math>\rm CrO_2Cl_2+2H_2O \rightarrow H_2CrO_4+2HCl</math>

上文中用浓硫酸、重铬酸钾与氯化物作用制取铬酰氯的反应可用于样品中氯化物的鉴定。若样品与浓硫酸、重铬酸钾混合后共热时，产生红色的铬酰氯烟雾，即可证明样品中氯离子的存在。[[氟化物]]、[[溴化物]]、[[碘化物]]和[[氰化物]]对反应均不产生干扰。

铬酰氯可将末端[[烯烃]]氧化为[[醛]]，将非末端烯烃氧化为α-氯代酮及衍生物，<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = F. Freeman, R. H. DuBois, T. G. McLaughlin | title = Aldehydes by Oxidation of Terminal Olefins with Chromyl Chloride: 2,4,4-Trimethylpentanal | collvol = 6 | collvolpages = 1028 | prep = cv6p1028}}</ref>以及将与芳环相连的甲基氧化为[[醛]]基（[[Étard反应]]）。也称Étard试剂。[[二氯甲烷]]是常用的反应溶剂。此类型的有机合成试剂还有[[三氯氧钒]]、[[四氯化钛]]及[[硫酰氯]]。

== 危险性 ==
主要通过吸入的方式进入人体，具强[[致癌性]]，<ref>{{cite book en | author = IARC | authorlink = International Agency for Research on Cancer | title = Volume 49: Chromium, Nickel, and Welding | origyear = 1990 | url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol49/volume49.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-03-26 | pages = 21–23 | date = 1999-11-05 | isbn = 92-832-1249-5 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224153750/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol49/volume49.pdf | archivedate = 2008-12-24 }}</ref>会导致[[染色体异常]]，长期与皮肤接触会导致皮肤溃疡。<ref name="Gray1966" />

对眼睛、皮肤、呼吸道和粘膜具强烈刺激作用，急性吸入可能因支气管和咽喉的痉挛、炎症、水肿、化学性肺炎、[[肺水肿]]而致死。<ref name="Gray1966">{{cite book en|editor= Prof CH Gray |title= Laboratory Handbook of Toxic Agents |url= https://archive.org/details/cftri5392laboratoryhandbo0000chgr |origyear= 1966 |edition= 2 |publisher= [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]] |location= London |language= en |chapter= IV |page= [https://archive.org/details/cftri5392laboratoryhandbo0000chgr/page/79 79] }}</ref>

== 参考资料 ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
* F. Freeman "Chromyl Chloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.
</div>
{{铬化合物}}
{{卤氧化物}}{{铬酸盐}}
[[Category:六价铬化合物]]
[[Category:氯氧化物]]
[[Category:氧化剂]]
[[Category:铬-氧化合物]]
[[Category:铬-卤素化合物]]