查看“︁铌酸锂”︁的源代码

{{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 476994790
| ImageFile = Linbo3 Unit Cell.png
| ImageSize = 150px
| ImageFile2 = 
| IUPACName = 
| OtherNames = 
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 10605804
| InChI = 1/Li.Nb.3O/q+1;;;;-1/rLi.NbO3/c;2-1(3)4/q+1;-1
| InChIKey = GQYHUHYESMUTHG-YHKBGIKBAK
| SMILES = [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/Li.Nb.3O/q+1;;;;-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 12031-63-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 159404
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = LiNbO<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass = 147.846
| Appearance = 无色固体（或绿色）<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Pierre Villars | author2 = Karin Cenzual | author3 = Roman Gladyshevskii | date = 24 July 2017 | title = Handbook | publisher = Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG | pages = | isbn = 978-3-11-043655-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ycw0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1631}}</ref>
| Density = 4.65 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref name=CT>[http://www.crystaltechnology.com/docs/LN_LTAppNote.pdf Spec sheet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016052556/http://www.crystaltechnology.com/docs/LN_LTAppNote.pdf |date=2006-10-16 }} of Crystal Technology, Inc.</ref>
| MeltingPt = 1257 °C<ref name="CT" />
| BoilingPt = 
| Solubility = 无
| SolubleOther = 
| RefractIndex = n<sub>o</sub> 2.30, n<sub>e</sub> 2.21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxpop.com |title=Luxpop |accessdate=June 18, 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427033426/http://www.luxpop.com/ |dead-url=yes }} (Value at ''n''<sub>D</sub>=589.2&nbsp;nm, 25&nbsp;°C.)</ref>
| BandGap = 4
 }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = [[三方晶系]] 
| SpaceGroup = R3c 
| PointGroup = 3m (C<sub>3v</sub>)
| Coordination = 
| Dipole =
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = 
| DeltaHc = 
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = 
| EUIndex = 未列出
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = 
| NFPA-F = 
| NFPA-R = 
| NFPA-O = 
| FlashPt =
| LD50 = 8000 mg/kg （大鼠经口）<ref>http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/12031-63-9{{dead link}}</ref>
 }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = 
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| OtherCpds = 
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}}

'''铌酸锂'''（化学式：LiNbO<sub>3</sub>）是一种[[铌酸盐|偏铌酸盐]]。其单晶是光波导，為[[移动电话]]，[[传感器|压电传感器]]，光学调制器和各种其它线性和非线性光学应用的重要材料。

==性质==
铌酸锂是一种不溶于水的无色固体。它具有一个缺乏[[反演对称性]]的[[三方晶系]]，并显示出[[铁电性]]、[[泡克耳斯效应]]、[[压电效应]]和[[光弹性]]。铌酸锂具有负的单轴[[双折射]]，这略微取决于温度以及晶体的[[化学计量比]]。它可以透过波长为350至5200[[纳米]]之间的波。

铌酸锂可通过掺杂[[氧化镁]]在它的[[光学损伤阈]]上,来增强它对光损伤的抗性（这种损伤常称为光反射损伤）。其他可用的掺杂物还有[[铁]]、[[锌]]、[[铪]]、[[铜]]、[[钆]]、[[铒]]、[[钇]]、[[锰]]和[[硼]]。

==生长==
铌酸锂的[[单晶]]可以使用[[柴可拉斯基法]]制作。<ref>{{cite book|title = Lithium Niobate: Defects, Photorefraction and Ferroelectric Switching|url = https://archive.org/details/lithiumniobatede00volk_722|first = Tatyana|last = Volk|author2=Wohlecke, Manfred |publisher = Springer|year = 2008|isbn = 978-3-540-70765-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70766-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lithiumniobatede00volk_722/page/n11 1]–9}}</ref> [[File:Lithium Niobate Wafer.jpg|175px|thumb|一块Z向切割的铌酸锂单晶薄片|left]]在晶体生长完之后，它会被在不同方向上切成薄片。常见的取向有Z向，X向，Y向，以及沿上述几个轴旋转一定角度切割。<ref>{{cite book|last=Wong|first=K. K.|title=Properties of Lithium Niobate|url=https://archive.org/details/propertieslithiu00wong|year=2002|publisher=INSPEC|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0 85296 799 3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/propertieslithiu00wong/page/8 8]}}</ref>

==纳米粒子==
铌酸锂和[[五氧化二铌]]的纳米颗粒可在低温下制备。<ref>{{cite journal|author = Grange, R.; Choi, J.W.; Hsieh, C.L.; Pu, Y.; Magrez, A.; Smajda, R.; Forro, L.; Psaltis, D.|title = Lithium niobate nanowires: synthesis, optical properties and manipulation|journal = Applied Physics Letters|volume = 95|pages = 143105|year = 2009|url = http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/143105/1|doi = 10.1063/1.3236777|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160514132623/http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/143105/1|archivedate = 2016-05-14}}</ref>完整的实验报告表明NbCl<sub>5</sub>被[[LiH]]还原，随后原位自发氧化成低价铌纳米氧化物。这些铌氧化物暴露于空气气氛从而产生纯的Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>。最后，稳定的Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>在过量的LiH的受控水解中被转化为铌酸锂LiNbO<sub>3</sub>纳米颗粒。<ref>{{cite journal|author = Aufray M, Menuel S, Fort Y, Eschbach J, Rouxel D, Vincent B|title = New Synthesis of Nanosized Niobium Oxides and Lithium Niobate Particles and Their Characterization by XPS Analysis|journal = Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology|volume = 9|issue = 8|pages = 4780–4789|year = 2009|doi = 10.1166/jnn.2009.1087}}</ref> 直径约为10nm的铌酸锂球形纳米颗粒可以通过将孔状二氧化硅基质浸渍于LiNO<sub>3</sub>和 NH<sub>4</sub>NbO(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>的混合水溶液中，接着在IR炉中加热10分钟来制备。<ref>{{cite journal|author = Grigas, A; Kaskel, S |title = Synthesis of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles in a mesoporous matrix |journal = Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology|volume = 2|pages = 28–33|year = 2011|doi =10.3762/bjnano.2.3}}</ref>

==应用==
铌酸锂被广泛使用在电信市场，比如在[[移动电话]]和{{le|光调制器|Optical modulator}}中。它是制造[[表面声波]]设备的可选材料。对于某些用途，它可以被[[钽酸锂]]（{{chem|LiTaO|3}}）所取代。其他用途是在[[激光]]{{le|二次谐波产生|Second-harmonic generation|倍频}}、[[非线性光学]]、[[泡克耳斯效应|泡克耳斯盒]]、{{le|光学参量振荡器|Optical parametric oscillator}}、[[Q开关]]激光器以及其它[[声光效应]]器件、千兆赫频率[[光开关]]等。它是用于制造{{le|光波导|Optical parametric oscillator}}的优异材料。

它也被用于光学的空间低通（[[抗混叠]]）滤波器的制作。

==周期性极化铌酸锂（PPLN）==
[[File:LiNbO3.png|thumb|铌酸锂晶体结构，Nb与O形成八面体型配位]]
'''周期性极化铌酸锂'''（'''PPLN'''）是一种以磁畴为单位设计制造的铌酸锂晶体，主要用于实现[[非线性光学]]的[[准相位匹配]]。[[铁电体]]畴交替指向''+c''和''-c''方向，周期通常为5至35[[微米|µm]]。该范围中周期较短的铁电体被用于{{le|二次谐波生成|Second-harmonic generation}}，而周期较长的则被用于[[光参量振荡器|光参量振荡]]。{{le|周期性极化|Periodic poling}}可以通过使用周期性结构的电极进行电极化来实现。晶体受控加热可以用于在介质中微调[[相位匹配]]，这是因为分散体随温度变化而微小变化。

周期性极化使用铌酸锂的非线性张量最大值，d<sub>33</sub>= 27 pm/V。准相位匹配给出的最大效率为完整的d<sub>33</sub>的2/π（64%），约为17 pm/V。

用于{{le|周期性极化|Periodic poling}}的其它材料是宽[[带隙]]无机晶体状的[[KTP]]（可以产生周期性极化KTP，即PPKTP）、[[钽酸锂]]，以及一些有机材料。

周期性极化技术也可以用来形成表面的{{le|纳米结构|Nanostructure}}。<ref>{{cite journal |title=Surface nanoscale periodic structures in congruent lithium niobate by domain reversal patterning and differential etching |author=S. Grilli |author2=P. Ferraro |author3=P. De Natale |author4=B. Tiribilli |author5=M. Vassalli  |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=87 |issue=23 |pages=233106 |year=2005 |doi=10.1063/1.2137877}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Modulating the thickness of the resist pattern for controlling size and depth of submicron reversed domains in lithium niobate
|author=P. Ferraro |author2=S. Grilli  |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=89 |issue=13 |pages=133111 |year=2006 |doi=10.1063/1.2357928}}</ref>

然而，由于它的低光反射破坏阈值，PPLN只在非常低的功率水平发现有限的应用。不过掺杂氧化镁的铌酸锂是通过周期性极化的方法制造的。因此，周期性极化的掺杂氧化镁的铌酸锂（PPMgOLN）将应用扩大到中等功率水平。

==塞耳迈耶尔方程==
关于非寻常波折射率的[[塞耳迈耶尔方程]]被用于找到晶体的掺杂周期和准位相匹配的大致温度Jundt<ref name=Jundt>{{cite journal| author=Dieter H. Jundt| journal=Optics Letters|volume=22 |title=Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction <math>n_e</math> in congruent lithium niobate| year=1997|pages=1553–5 |doi=10.1364/OL.22.001553| pmid=18188296| issue=20}}</ref>的结论是

<math>n^2_e =
 5.35583 + 4.629 \times 10^{-7} f
+ {0.100473 + 3.862 \times 10^{-8} f \over \lambda^2 - (0.20692 - 0.89 \times 10^{-8} f)^2 }
+ { 100 + 2.657 \times 10^{-5} f \over \lambda^2 - (11.34927 )^2 }
- 1.5334 \times 10^{-2} \lambda^2 </math>

这一公式在温度20~250°C，波长0.4~5[[微米]]范围内适用，对于更长的波长，有<ref name=Deng>{{cite journal|author=LH Deng et al.|journal = Optics Communications|volume=268| title=Improvement to Sellmeier equation for periodically poled LiNbO<math>_3</math> crystal using mid-infrared difference-frequency generation|issue=1|year=2006| pages=110|doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2006.06.082}}</ref>

<math>n^2_e =
 5.39121 + 4.968 \times 10^{-7} f
+ {0.100473 + 3.862 \times 10^{-8} f \over \lambda^2 - (0.20692 - 0.89 \times 10^{-8} f)^2 }
+ { 100 + 2.657 \times 10^{-5} f \over \lambda^2 - (11.34927 )^2 }- (1.544 \times 10^{-2} + 9.62119 \times 10^{-10} \lambda) \lambda^2 </math>

其适用范围是''T''=25~180°C波长λ在2.8到4.8微米之间。

上述方程中''f''=（''T''-24.5）（''T''+570.82），λ单位是微米，''T''单位是摄氏度。

一个更加综合且适合各种掺杂MgO比例的LiNbO3的非寻常波折射率公式是:

<math>n^2 =
 a_1 + b_1 f
+ {a_2 + b_2 f \over \lambda^2 - (a_3 + b_3 f)^2 }
+ {a_4 + b_4 f \over \lambda^2 - a_5^2 }
- a_6 \lambda^2 </math>,

其中：
{| class="wikitable centre"
|-
|因素||colspan="2"|5%MgO掺杂（CLN）||1%MgO掺杂（SLN）
|-

|  || ''n''<sub>e</sub> || ''n''<sub>o</sub>  || ''n''<sub>e</sub>
|-
| ''a''<sub>1</sub> || 5.756 || 5.653  || 5.078
|-
| ''a''<sub>2</sub> || 0.0983 || 0.1185  || 0.0964
|-
| ''a''<sub>3</sub> || 0.2020 || 0.2091  || 0.2065
|-
| ''a''<sub>4</sub> || 189.32 || 89.61  || 61.16
|-
| ''a''<sub>5</sub> || 12.52 || 10.85  || 10.55
|-
| ''a''<sub>6</sub> || 1.32×10<sup>-2</sup> || 1.97×10<sup>-2</sup> || 1.59×10<sup>-2</sup>
|-
| ''b''<sub>1</sub> || 2.860×10<sup>-6</sup> || 7.941×10<sup>-7</sup>  || 4.677×10<sup>-7</sup>
|-
| ''b''<sub>2</sub> || 4.700×10<sup>-8</sup> || 3.134×10<sup>-8</sup>  || 7.822×10<sup>-8</sup>
|-
| ''b''<sub>3</sub> || 6.113×10<sup>-8</sup> || -4.641×10<sup>-9</sup>  || -2.653×10<sup>-8</sup>
|-
| ''b''<sub>4</sub> || 1.516×10<sup>-4</sup> || -2.188×10<sup>-6</sup>  || 1.096×10<sup>-4</sup>
|}
这些数据仅对符合对应化学计量比的铌酸锂适用。<ref name=gayer>{{cite journal|author=O.Gayer et al.|journal = Appl. Phys. B 91| title=Temperature and wavelength dependent refractive index equations for MgO-doped congruent and stoichiometric LiNbO3|year=2008| pages=343-348|doi=10.1007/s00340-008-2998-2}}</ref>

==参见==
<!-- alphabetic order -->
{{colbegin|3}}
*[[晶体]]
*[[晶体结构]]
*[[微晶]]
*[[结晶]]
*[[晶种]]
*[[单晶]]
{{colend}}

==参考资料==
{{reflist|2}}

==扩展阅读==
*{{cite book |title=Ferroelectric Crystals for Photonic Applications Including Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization Techniques |series=Springer Series in Materials Science |volume=91 |editor-last=Ferraro |editor-first=Pietro |editor2-last=Grilli |editor2-first=Simonetta |editor3-last=De Natale |editor3-first=Paolo |url=http://www.springer.com/materials/book/978-3-540-77963-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-77965-0 |access-date=2014-08-18 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141505/http://www.springer.com/materials/book/978-3-540-77963-6 |dead-url=no }}

==外部链接==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040710120217/http://www.inrad.com/pdf/Inrad_datasheet_LNB.pdf Inrad data sheet on lithium niobate]

{{锂化合物}}

[[Category:锂化合物]]
[[Category:铌酸盐]]
[[Category:铁电材料]]
[[Category:非线性光学材料]]
[[Category:晶体]]
[[Category:钙钛矿结构]]