查看“︁鉻酸鋅”︁的源代码

{{Chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 448015777
| Name = 鉻酸鋅
| ImageFile = Zinkchromaat.png
| NameEn = Zinc chromate
| OtherNames =
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 13530-65-9
| PubChem = 26089
| RTECS = GB3290000
 }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = ZnCrO<sub>4</sub>
| MolarMass = 181.403 g/mol
| Appearance = 黃綠色結晶；黃色粉末
| Density = 3.43 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPtC = 316
| BoilingPtC = 732
| Solubility = 不溶於水
 }}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct =
 }}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| EUClass = 未列入。
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-S = OX
| PEL = 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name="OHSAChemSample"/>
| LD50 = 0.5至5 g/kg
 }}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = 重鉻酸鋅
| OtherCations = [[鉻酸鉀]]<br/>[[鉻酸鈉]]
}}
}}

'''鉻酸鋅'''（化学式：[[鋅|Zn]][[铬|Cr]][[氧|O]]<sub>4</sub>）是一種含[[鉻酸鹽|鉻酸根]][[離子|陰離子]]的鋅[[化合物]]，室溫下為無氣味的黃色粉末或黃綠色晶體，常添加於抗腐蝕底漆與美術顏料等。<ref name="CameoC">{{Cite web |title= ZINC CHROMATE  - CAMEO Chemicals |publisher= [[美國國家海洋暨大氣總署|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |url= http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/9194 |accessdate= 2011-03-24 |language= en |archive-date= 2011-07-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724005038/http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/9194 |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Guideline for Zinc Chromate |publisher= {{le|職業安全與健康管理局|Occupational Safety and Health Administration|Occupational Safety and Health Administration}} |url= http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/zincchromate/recognition.html |accessdate= 2011-03-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521020438/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/zincchromate/recognition.html |archive-date= 2011-05-21 |dead-url= yes |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Pohanish2004">{{cite book |author=Richard P. Pohanish |title=HazMat data: for first response, transportation, storage, and security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tbl2W8j-3oC&pg=PA1155 |accessdate=2011-03-24 |date=2004-02-09 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-27328-8 |page=1155 |language=en |archive-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527162459/http://books.google.com/books?id=3Tbl2W8j-3oC&pg=PA1155 }}</ref>

1920年代，[[福特汽車]]研發出{{le|鉻酸鹽處理|Chromate conversion coating}}製程，將鉻酸鋅鍍在金屬表面上，後廣泛地應用於工業製程。<ref name="Waligorski">{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Zinc Chromate |first=Martin |last=Waligorski |url=http://www.colorserver.net/history/history-zinc-chromate.htm |accessdate=2011-03-23 |language=en |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311161333/http://colorserver.net/history/history-zinc-chromate.htm }}</ref>1930至1940年代，美國軍方也廣泛地將鉻酸鋅塗料應用於軍用飛機上。由於近年來發現[[鉻酸鹽]]具有致癌性，因此鉻酸鋅使用量大為減少。

==製備==
目前工業上常用的鉻酸鋅製備方法為{{le|鉻酸鹽處理|Cronak process}}，此方式是將鋅或鍍鋅金屬放置在[[重鉻酸鈉]]與[[硫酸]]混和溶液數秒，使金屬表面產生鉻酸鋅塗層。<ref name="innovateus">{{Cite web |title=What is Zinc Chromate Used For |publisher=innovateus |url=http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-zinc-chromate-used |accessdate=2014-12-11 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211093127/http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-zinc-chromate-used |archive-date=2014-12-11 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>另外，透過[[鉻酸鉀]]（K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>）與[[硫酸鋅]]（ZnSO<sub>4</sub>）的混和反應，也可產生鉻酸鋅沉澱物，其反應式如下：<ref>{{cite book|title=Paint and Coating Testing Manual|date=1995|publisher=American Society for Testing and Materials|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=241 |language=en}}</ref>

<math>\rm \ K_2CrO_4 + ZnSO_4\rightarrow ZnCrO_4 + K_2SO_4</math>

==應用==
[[File:Alfred T. Palmer - Assembling the North American B-25 Mitchell at Kansas City, Kansas (USA).jpg|thumb|left|1942年，美軍[[B-25米切尔型轰炸机]]在裝配時常使用含有鉻酸鋅的底漆當金屬塗層。]]
鉻酸鋅在工業中主要用途為鐵或鋁材上的塗層<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Tencer|first1=Michal|title=Electrical conductivity of chromate conversion coating on electrodeposited zinc|journal=Applied Surface Science|date=2006-09-30|volume=252|issue=23|pages=8229–8234|doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.039 |language=en}}</ref>，特別是1930至1940年代的美國軍方將鉻酸鋅塗料廣泛地用於軍用飛機上，另外在太空與汽車工業上也常使用鉻酸鋅塗料當作金屬塗層。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=A.F.|title=Occupational contact dermatitis among aircraft workers|journal=American Journal of Medicine|date=1944|volume=125 |language=en}}</ref>鉻酸鋅塗料最初應用於商用飛機中[[鋁|鋁合金]]部件的抗腐蝕劑，後來廣泛地應用於軍用飛機中。在1940至1950年代期間，鉻酸鋅塗料通常用於美國軍用飛機上伸縮起落架輪艙內，增加此區域的鋁材抗腐蝕能力。這類型的化合物塗料抗腐蝕能力非常有用，非常適合當作抗腐蝕或防銹底漆。<ref name="ReferenceA"/>後來研究人員發現鉻酸鋅具有高毒性，並且會破壞金屬表面的有機物生長。除了當作抗腐蝕底漆外，鉻酸鋅還應用於噴漆、美術顏料、清漆油料、[[油氈]]等，當作顏色染料用。<ref name="Waligorski"/>

當用作美術顏料時又稱為鋅黃<ref name="CameoC"/>、毛茛黃、36锌铬黄等<ref name="CLand21">{{Cite web |title=Basic Zinc Chromate |publisher=Chemical Land21 |url=http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/IUH/BASIC%20ZINC%20CHROMATE.htm |accessdate=2011-03-24 |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063522/http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/IUH/BASIC%20ZINC%20CHROMATE.htm }}</ref>。這類型顏料在藝術作品中很少人使用，因為當顏料退色後很容易從黃色轉變為棕色，在法國畫家[[喬治·修拉]]的作品《[[大碗岛的星期天下午]]》可觀察到這種氧化現象。<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Gage|title=Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|url=https://archive.org/details/colorcultureprac00gage |location=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1993|pages= [https://archive.org/details/colorcultureprac00gage/page/220 220], 224 |language=en}}</ref>研究人員針對修拉的繪畫作品徹底調查鋅黃退色現象<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Casadio, F.|author2=Xie, S.|author3=Rukes, S. C.|author4=Myers, B.|author5=Gray, K. A.|author6=Warta, R.|author7=Fiedler, I. |title=Electron energy loss spectroscopy elucidates the elusive darkening of zinc potassium chromate in Georges Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte–1884. |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |volume=399 |issue=9 |year=2011 |pages=2909–2920 |doi=10.1007/s00216-010-4264-9 |language=en}}</ref>，並利用顏料退色的變化過程，應用在繪畫的[[數位修復]]技術上。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://colourlex.com/project/digital-restoration/ |title=Digital restoration of paintings |publisher=ColourLex |accessdate=2011-03-23 |language=en |archive-date=2018-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215727/https://colourlex.com/project/digital-restoration/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Berns, R. S.|author2=Byrns, S.|author3=Casadio, F.|author4=Fiedler, I.|author5=Gallagher, C.|author6=Imai, F. H.|author7=Taplin, L. A. |title=Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation. |journal=Color Research & Application |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=278–293 |doi=10.1002/col.20223 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://colourlex.com/project/seurat-la-grande-jatte/ |title=Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte |publisher=ColourLex |accessdate=2011-03-23 |language=en |archive-date=2015-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410151146/http://colourlex.com/project/seurat-la-grande-jatte/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

在航太技術上，鉻酸鋅油灰被用來當作[[O形環]]密封膠，[[挑戰者號太空梭]]的[[太空梭固體助推器|固體火箭推進器]]曾用這類型O形環。[[挑戰者號太空梭災難|發生災難]]後，研究人員認為密封膠上的氣孔可能是造成氣體泄漏的原因之一。<ref name="Hickman1997">{{cite book|author=J.A. Hickman|title=Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOZ-97d6KmsC&pg=PA25|accessdate=2011-03-24|year=1997|publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing|isbn=978-1-85957-096-8|page=25|language=en|archive-date=2014-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105053109/http://books.google.com/books?id=mOZ-97d6KmsC&pg=PA25}}</ref>

==毒性==
近期研究顯示，鉻酸鋅不僅毒性很強，而且還是[[致癌物質]]之一。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=A.L.|title=Chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces centrosome amplification and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung fibroblasts|journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology|date=2011-02-15|volume=23|issue=2|pages=386–395|doi=10.1021/tx900360w|pmc=2822114|pmid=20030412 |language=en}}</ref>在過度暴露鉻酸鋅下，會導致組織潰瘍和癌症發生。<ref name="OHSAChemSample">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Chemical Sampling Information for Zinc Chromate |publisher= {{le|職業安全與健康管理局|Occupational Safety and Health Administration|Occupational Safety and Health Administration}} |url= http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_276900.html |accessdate= 2011-03-24 |language= en |archive-date= 2017-08-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170814220806/https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_276900.html }}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline"/>《英國工業醫學雜志（{{lang-en|British Journal of Industrial Medicine}}）》針對鉻酸鋅的毒性發表一項研究結果，顯示工廠使用鉻酸鋅的數量，與患得肺癌的工人數有著顯著相關性。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=J.M.|title=Lung cancer mortality among workers making lead chromate and zinc chromate pigments at three English factories|journal=British Journal of Industrial Medicine|date=1984-05|issue=41|pages=158–169 |language=en}}</ref>由於其毒性很強，近年來鉻酸鋅的使用量大大減少。

==參考文獻==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Zinc compounds}}
{{铬酸盐}}

[[Category:鋅化合物]]
[[Category:鉻酸鹽]]