查看“︁鈣鈦礦”︁的源代码

{{About|矿物|化合物結構|钙钛矿 (结构)}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name        = 鈣鈦礦
| category    = [[氧化物礦物]]
| boxwidth    = 
| boxbgcolor  = 
| image       = Perovskite-155026.jpg
| caption     = 基质上的钙钛矿晶体，尺寸：2.3 x 2.1 x 2.0 cm
| formula     = CaTiO<sub>3</sub>
| IMAsymbol   = Prv<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|pages=291–320|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722124145/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A}}</ref>
| molweight   = 135.96
| strunz      = 4.CC.30
| system      = [[斜方]]
| class       = 双锥体 (mmm) <br />[[H-M记号]]：(2/m 2/m 2/m)
| symmetry    = ''Pnma''
| color       = 黑色、红棕色、淡黄色、黄橙色
| habit       = 伪立方，晶体呈现立方轮廓
| cleavage    = [100]良好，[010]良好，[001]良好
| twinning    = 复杂穿透孪晶
| fracture    = 贝壳状
| mohs        = 5–5.5
| luster      = 金刚光泽到金属光泽；可能泥土光泽
| refractive  = ''n''<sub>α</sub> = 2.3, ''n''<sub>β</sub> = 2.34, ''n''<sub>γ</sub> = 2.38
| opticalprop = 双轴 (+)
| birefringence =
| pleochroism =
| streak      = 灰白色
| gravity     = 3.98–4.26
| melt        =
| fusibility  =
| diagnostic  =
| solubility  =
| diaphaneity = 透明到不透明
| other       = 
| references  = <ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Prehnite Prehnit (Prehnite)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Prehnite |date=20210125175941 }}. Mineralienatlas.de</ref><ref name="Webmin">[http://webmineral.com/data/Perovskite.shtml Perovskite] {{Wayback|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Perovskite.shtml |date=20210420141012 }}. Webmineral</ref><ref name="Handbook">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C. (Eds.) [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/perovskite.pdf Perovskite] {{Wayback|url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/perovskite.pdf |date=20100704043759 }}. ''Handbook of Mineralogy''. Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, VA.</ref><ref name="Inoue">Inoue, Naoki and Zou, Yanhui (2006) [http://www.trnres.com/ebook/uploads/sakuma/T_1231489278Sakuma%208.pdf Physical properties of perovskite-type lithium ionic conductor] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trnres.com/ebook/uploads/sakuma/T_1231489278Sakuma%208.pdf |date=20160807045606 }}. Ch. 8 in Takashi Sakuma and Haruyuki Takahashi (Eds.) ''Physics of Solid State Ionics''. pp. 247–269 {{ISBN|978-81-308-0070-7}}.</ref>
}}

'''鈣鈦礦'''（{{lang-en|Perovskite}}）是一種[[钙]][[钛]][[氧化物矿物]]，[[化学式]]為CaTiO<sub>3</sub>。它的名称也适用于与CaTiO<sub>3</sub>（<sup>XII</sup>A<sup>2+</sup><sup>VI</sup>B<sup>4+</sup>X<sup>2−</sup><sub>3</sub>）具有相同类型晶体结构的化合物类别，被称为[[钙钛矿结构]]。<ref name="Min">{{cite book |title=Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin |first1=Hans-Rudolf |last1=Wenk |first2=Andrei |last2=Bulakh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIji8x-N1MC&pg=PA413 |page=413 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52958-7 |location=New York, NY |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-date=2022-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430201117/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIji8x-N1MC&pg=PA413 }}</ref>许多不同的[[阳离子]]可以嵌入这种结构中，从而可以开发多种工程材料。<ref name="Szuromi">{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.358.6364.732 |pmid=29123058 |title=Natural and engineered perovskites |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6364 |pages=732–733 |year=2017 |last1=Szuromi |first1=Phillip |last2=Grocholski |first2=Brent |bibcode=2017Sci...358..732S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==历史==
该矿物于1839年由{{link-en|古斯塔夫·罗斯|Gustav Rose}}在[[俄罗斯]]的[[乌拉尔山]]发现，并以俄罗斯矿物学家[[列夫·佩罗夫斯基]]（1792–1856）的名字命名。<ref name="Webmin" />{{link-en|维克多·戈德施密特|Victor Goldschmidt}}于1926年在他关于容差因子的工作中首次描述了钙钛矿的显着晶体结构。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Golschmidt, V. M.|title=Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|year=1926|volume=14|pages=477–485|doi=10.1007/BF01507527 |bibcode = 1926NW.....14..477G|issue=21 |s2cid=33792511}}</ref>晶体结构后来于1945年由{{link-en|海伦·梅高|Helen Megaw}}根据[[钛酸钡]]的[[X射线衍射]]数据发表。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Megaw, Helen|title=Crystal Structure of Barium Titanate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1945-04-21_155_3938/page/n21|journal=Nature|year=1945|volume=155|pages=484–485|doi=10.1038/155484b0|issue=3938|bibcode = 1945Natur.155..484. |s2cid=4096136}}</ref>

==产生==
由于与[[长石]][[共生]]的不稳定性，在[[地幔]]中发现的钙钛矿在[[希比内山脉]]的出现仅限于二氧化硅欠饱和的[[超镁铁质岩]]和[[副长深成岩]]中。钙钛矿以小自面体到半面体晶体的形式出现，填充造岩硅酸盐之间的空隙。<ref name="Canadian">{{cite journal |url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/cm/vol36/CM36_953.pdf |title=Compositional variation of perovskite-group minerals from the Khibina Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |year=1998 |volume=36 |pages=953–969 |author1=Chakhmouradian, Anton R. |author2=Mitchell, Roger H. |access-date=2016-06-10 |archive-date=2010-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629180622/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/cm/vol36/CM36_953.pdf }}</ref>

===在恒星和褐矮星中===
在[[恒星]]和[[褐矮星]]中，钙钛矿晶粒的形成是[[光球层]]中[[二氧化钛]]耗尽的原因。温度较低的恒星在其[[电磁波谱|光谱]]中具有占主导地位的二氧化钛谱带；随着质量更低的恒星和褐矮星的温度降低，CaTiO<sub>3</sub>会形成，并且在低于2000[[开尔文|K]]的温度下无法检测到TiO。二氧化钛的存在被用来定义冷[[M型矮星]]和冷[[L型矮星]]之间的过渡。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allard|first1=France|last2=Hauschildt|first2=Peter H.|last3=Alexander|first3=David R.|last4=Tamanai|first4=Akemi|last5=Schweitzer|first5=Andreas|date=July 2001|title=The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres|journal=Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=556|issue=1|pages=357–372|doi=10.1086/321547|issn=0004-637X|arxiv=astro-ph/0104256|bibcode=2001ApJ...556..357A|s2cid=14944231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=J. Davy|last2=Allard|first2=France|last3=Bida|first3=Tom|last4=Zuckerman|first4=Ben|last5=Becklin|first5=E. E.|last6=Chabrier|first6=Gilles|last7=Baraffe|first7=Isabelle|date=July 1999|title=An Improved Optical Spectrum and New Model FITS of the Likely Brown Dwarf GD 165B|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1999-07-10_519_2/page/n409|journal=Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=519|issue=2|pages=834–843|doi=10.1086/307380|bibcode=1999ApJ...519..834K|issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==特殊性质==
钙钛矿在[[火成岩]]中的稳定性受到其与[[榍石]]的反应关系的限制。在[[火山岩]]中没有同时发现钙钛矿和榍石，唯一的例外是[[喀麦隆]]的钙钛矿。<ref name="Veksler">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0024-4937(90)90047-5|title=Conditions for crystallization and concentration of perovskite-type minerals in alkaline magmas|year=1990|last1=Veksler|first1=I. V.|last2=Teptelev|first2=M. P.|journal=Lithos|volume=26|issue=1|pages=177–189|bibcode = 1990Litho..26..177V }}</ref>

==物理性质==
钙钛矿具有近立方结构，通式为{{chem|ABO|3}}。在这种结构中，位于晶格中心的''A''位离子通常是碱土或[[稀土]]元素。位于晶格角落的''B''位离子是3d、4d和5d[[过渡金属]]元素。如果[[戈德施密特容差因子]]<math>t</math>在0.75-1.0之间，则大量的金属元素在钙钛矿结构中是稳定的。<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 11710238| doi = 10.1021/cr980129f| year = 2001| last1 = Peña| first1 = M. A.| title = Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides| journal = Chemical Reviews| volume = 101| issue = 7| pages = 1981–2017| last2 = Fierro| first2 = J. L.| url = http://www.theeestory.com/files/Chemical_Structure_of_Perovskite_Oxides_Pen_a.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

: <math> t = \frac{R_A + R_{\rm O}}{\sqrt2 (R_B + R_{\rm O})}, </math>

其中''R''<sub>''A''</sub>、''R''<sub>''B''</sub>和''R''<sub>O</sub>分别是''A''和''B''位元素和氧的离子半径。

钙钛矿晶体经常被误认为是方铅矿；然而，方铅矿具有更好的金属光泽、更大的密度、完美的解理和真正的立方对称性。<ref name="Luxova">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10973-008-9329-z|url=http://www.akademiai.com/content/3640137983447pt3/fulltext.pdf|title=Study of Perovskite|year=2008|last1=Luxová|first1=Jana|last2=Šulcová|first2=Petra|last3=Trojan|first3=M.|journal=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry|volume=93|issue=3|pages=823–827|s2cid=97682597}}{{Dead link}}</ref>

==参见==
* [[以人名命名的矿物列表]]

==參考资料==
{{reflist}}

{{Titanium minerals}}

[[Category:含钙矿物]]
[[Category:含钛矿物]]
[[Category:氧化物礦物]]
[[Category:正交晶系矿物]]