查看“︁踝肱指数”︁的源代码

'''踝{{zy|肱|gōng|ㄍㄨㄥ|gwang1}}指数'''，又称为'''踝肱血压指数'''（Ankle Brachial Pressure Index，ABPI或ABI），是小腿相对于上臂的[[血压]]比值。如果小腿血压比上臂低，提示可能有动脉阻塞（[[周围血管疾病]]）。ABI是由用脚踝动脉的[[血压|收缩压]]除以上臂收缩压计算出来的<ref name=Review09>{{cite journal|last=Al-Qaisi|first=M|coauthors=Nott, DM, King, DH, Kaddoura, S|title=Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI): An update for practitioners.|journal=Vascular health and risk management|year=2009|volume=5|pages=833–41|pmid=19851521|pmc=2762432}}</ref>。

==方法==
计算踝肱指数需要一个[[医学超声检查|超声多普勒]]血流探测仪和一个[[血压计]]（血压袖带型），将血压袖带绑在有问题的动脉近端（即靠近心脏侧）的部位并充气，用超声多普勒探头测量，继续充气直到动脉的搏动停止。然后血压袖带慢慢放气，当超声多普勒探头重新检测到动脉搏动时，这时候得到的血压数值则是所测动脉的收缩压。

在实际评估中，通常会测量左右上臂{{le|肱动脉|Brachial artery}}的收缩压，并选择其中数值高的一侧。同样，测量ABI也会选择左右小腿的{{le|胫后动脉|Posterior tibial artery}}或{{le|足背动脉|Dorsalis pedis artery}}中数值较高的一侧进行计算<ref name="Vowden">{{cite journal |author=Vowden P, Vowden K |title=Doppler assessment and ABPI: Interpretation in the management of leg ulceration |journal=Worldwide Wounds |url=http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/march/Vowden/Doppler-assessment-and-ABPI.html |date=March 2001 |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509190651/http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/march/Vowden/Doppler-assessment-and-ABPI.html |dead-url=no }} - describes ABPI procedure, interpretation of results, and notes the somewhat arbitrary selection of "ABPI of 0.8 has become the accepted endpoint for high compression therapy, the trigger for referral for a vascular surgical opinion and the defining upper marker for an ulcer of mixed aetiology"</ref>。

:<math>ABPI_{Leg} = \frac { P_{Leg} }{ P_{Arm} }</math>
::P<sub>Leg</sub>是指小腿胫后动脉或足背动脉的收缩压
::P<sub>Arm</sub>是指上臂肱动脉的收缩压

踝肱指数测量是一个常用的周围血管疾病的非侵入性评估方法。研究表明利用踝肱指数检测经血管造影确诊的下肢大动脉严重狭窄（狭窄程度>50%）的[[敏感性]]为90%，[[特异性]]为98%<ref>{{cite journal |author=McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, Martin GJ, Pearce W |title=Lower ankle/brachial index, as calculated by averaging the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arterial pressures, and association with leg functioning in peripheral arterial disease |journal=JJ Vasc Surg. |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1164–71 |pmid=11107089 |doi=10.1067/mva.2000.108640 |date=December 2000}}</ref>。

然而，踝肱指数存在下列已知问题：
*踝肱指数对存在动脉[[钙化]]（血管硬化）的患者的测量结果不可靠<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allison MA, Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH |title=A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and lower quality of life |journal=J Am Coll Cardiol.|volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=1292–8 |pmid=18371562 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.064 |date=April 2008}}</ref>，动脉硬化会导致脚踝血压测量值虚假地升高，从而导致[[假阴性]]的出现<ref>{{cite journal |author=American Diabetes Association|title=Peripheral Arterial Disease in People with Diabetes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2003-12_26_12/page/3333| journal=Diabetes Care|volume=26|issue=12|pages=3333–3341 |pmid=14633825 |doi=10.2337/diacare.26.12.3333 |date=December 2003}}</ref>。这种情况经常发生在[[糖尿病]]患者<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aboyans V, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Ho LA, Natarajan L, Criqui MH |title=The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-vascular-surgery_2008-11_48_5/page/1197 | journal=J Vasc Surg.|volume=48|issue=5|pages=1197–203 |pmid=18692981 |doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2008.06.005 |date=November 2008}}</ref>（大约有41% 的周围血管疾病患者有糖尿病<ref>{{cite journal |author=Novo S|title=Classification, epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history of peripheral arterial disease| journal=Diabetes Obes Metab.|volume=4|issue=2|pages=S1–6 |pmid=12180352 |doi=10.1046/j.1463-1326.2002.0040s20s1.x |date=March 2002}}</ref>）、[[肾功能衰竭]]或重度吸烟者。
*测量踝肱指数非常耗时<ref>{{cite journal |author=Doubeni CA, Yood RA, Emani S, Gurwitz JH|title=Identifying unrecognized peripheral arterial disease among asymptomatic patients in the primary care setting| journal=Angiology|volume=57|issue=2|pages=171–80 |pmid=16518524 |doi=10.1177/000331970605700206 |date=March–April 2006}}</ref>。
*静息踝肱指数值对检测轻度的周围血管疾病不敏感<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stein R, Hriljac I, [[Jonathan L. Halperin|Halperin JL]], Gustavson SM, Teodorescu V, Olin JW |title=Limitation of the resting ankle-brachial index in symptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease | journal=J Vasc Med.|volume=11|issue=1|pages=29–33 |pmid=16669410 |doi=10.1191/1358863x06vm663oa |date=February 2006}}</ref>，有时需要在让患者在跑步机运动6分钟后在进行测试，以增加测量的灵敏度<ref>{{cite journal |author=Montgomery PS, Gardner AW,|title=The clinical utility of a six-minute walk test in peripheral arterial occlusive disease patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1998-06_46_6/page/706| journal=J Am Geriatr Soc. |volume=46|issue=6|pages=706–11|pmid=9625185 |date=June 1998}}</ref>。但是，这种方法对肥胖或并发有[[主动脉瘤]]的患者并不适合，而且也会增加评估的时间。
*踝肱指数测量缺乏标准化的规程<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jeelani NU, Braithwaite BD, Tomlin C, MacSweeney ST|title=Variation of method for measurement of brachial artery pressure significantly affects ankle-brachial pressure index values| journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.|volume=20|issue=1|pages=25–8|pmid=10906293 |doi=10.1053/ejvs.2000.1141 |date=July 2000}}</ref>，这会减低研究者 本身的观测信度<ref>{{cite journal |author=Caruana MF, Bradbury AW, Adam DJ|title=The validity, reliability, reproducibility and extended utility of ankle to brachial pressure index in current vascular surgical practice| journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.|volume=29|issue=5|pages=443–51|pmid=15966081 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.01.015|date=May 2005}}</ref>。
*测量踝肱指数需要有经验的人员，以得到一致、准确的结果<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaiser V, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, Kitslaar PJ, Knottnerus JA|title=The influence of experience on the reproducibility of the ankle-brachial systolic pressure ratio in peripheral arterial occlusive disease| journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.|volume=18|issue=1|pages=25–9|pmid=10388635 |doi=10.1053/ejvs.1999.0843 |date=July 1999}}</ref>。

这些问题使得踝肱指数测量在一般体检中很少被使用<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW, Krook SH, Hunninghake DB, Comerota AJ, Walsh ME, McDermott MM, Hiatt WR.
|title=Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care.
| journal=JAMA|volume=19|issue=286|pages=1317–24|pmid=11560536|doi=10.1001/jama.286.11.1317|date=Sep 2001}}</ref>。但是，技术的革新可以生产出测量下肢和上臂血压的专门校准示波模块，从而对血压值进行同步读数， 通过示波法血压计算踝肱指数成为可能。目前已经有几个厂家将类似的产品投放市场中。利用示波系统来测量踝肱指数的主要优势在于，它规范了踝肱指数的方法并使得所有医生都可以对患者的踝肱指数进行测量。

==结果的解读==
正常人脚踝处的血压值应该会比肘部的血压值稍高。如果踝肱指数的数值大于0.9则认为是正常的（即没有患[[周围动脉阻塞性疾病]]）。

然而，如果踝肱指数大于1.3也被认为是不正常的，这种情况提示可能有动脉壁钙化和血管硬化，可能是严重的周围血管疾病的表现。

在没有其他可以显著影响下肢动脉的条件下，下列的踝肱指数值可以用于预测周围动脉阻塞性疾病的严重程度，并对腿部溃疡的病程和处理进行评估<ref name="Vowden" />：

{| class="wikitable"
!踝肱指数 || 释义 || 需要采取的行动 
|-
|-
| 1.0 - 1.40 || 正常范围 || 无需
|-
| 0.91 - 0.99 || 界限值 || 寻找并改变（导致周围动脉阻塞性疾病的）危险因素
|-
| ≤ 0.90|| 动脉疾病 || 戒烟、抗血小板和抗血栓治疗（如[[阿司匹林]]每日75-325[[毫克]]或[[氯吡格雷]]每日75毫克）
|}

==预测动脉粥样硬化的病死率==

在2006年的研究表明，不正常的踝肱指数可能是[[动脉硬化|动脉粥样硬化]][[病死率]]的独立预测指标，因为它反映了患者动脉粥样硬化的负担情况<ref name="pmid16534039">{{cite journal |author=Feringa HH, Bax JJ, van Waning VH, ''et al.'' |title=The long-term prognostic value of the resting and postexercise ankle-brachial index |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=5 |pages=529–35 |pmid=16534039 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.5.529 |url=|date=March 2006}}</ref><ref name="pmid16505519">{{cite journal |author=Wild SH, Byrne CD, Smith FB, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG |title=Low ankle-brachial pressure index predicts increased risk of cardiovascular disease independent of the metabolic syndrome and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the Edinburgh Artery Study |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=637–42 |pmid=16505519 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1637 |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/3/637 |date=March 2006 |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-date=2009-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218071957/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/3/637 }}</ref>。

==参考资料==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:心血管生理学]]
[[Category:身体检查]]