查看“︁货币扩张”︁的源代码

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'''货币扩张'''，也称作'''货币创造'''({{lang-en|Money creation}})，是[[中央银行]]、[[商业银行]]和[[非银行]]（机构或个人）透過信贷关系共同作用，使得在银行体系内[[货币供给|流通货币量]]扩大的金融行为。

对货币扩张的控制是[[中央银行]]的主要任务之一。

不是所有的流通货币都需要有货币现金、实物资产或政府资产作后盾。一国的货币是以国家的经济潜力或政府的[[法定货币]]法令作后盾的。这种潜力也成为政府发行货币的理论上限。
==货币扩张乘数==
'''货币扩张乘数'''，也称作'''存款创造乘数'''，描述商业银行体系供给货币的机制，它衡量了商业银行体系内增加[[货币供给]]的数量。为了控制这个体系创造的货币量，中央银行给[[商业银行]]设置严格的[[准备金比例]]，中央银行只允许商业银行的初级存款的一部分用于放贷，这也称作[[现金准备比例]]。
===货币扩张乘数示例===
某储户在银行A存入1000元[[初级存款]](銀行負債部分的存款)，[[现金准备比例]]为12%，则120元必须被银行保留(銀行資產部分的儲備)，880元可用于放贷(銀行資產部分的貸款)。如果银行A将超额储备880元全部放贷，接受贷款的人将之存到银行B，银行B需要将12%×880元作为[[初级存款]]880元的现金储备，可放贷部分为774.40元。如果774.40元被存入C银行，则92.93元须作为储备，可以放贷681.47元，……，以此类推，直至不再有超额储备(此处为了简化，忽略了[[安全储备]])。

<math>TD=\frac{ID}{crr}</math>

*TD：总存款的变化量
*ID：存款的初始变化
*crr：[[现金准备比例]]
例如，如果[[准备金比例]]为12%，存款的初始增长1000元将使总存款增加8333.33元(1000/.12=8333.33)。

==美元货币扩张示例==
#美国政府发行[[国库券 (美国)|国库券]]，即在特定日期支付特定金额的支付承诺。比如发行价值1,000,000美元的债券，投资者以货币进行投资购入债券，以获得债券利息为报偿。
#[[美联储]]印刷价值1,000,000美元的[[支票]]，作为[[应付款项]]给美国政府。该支票就是销售债券的进款。
#

==模型构建==
B：实际资本 D：总资本 C：现金提取量 rd：活期存款准备金率 rt：定期存款准备金率 k：现金漏出率=C/D
===模型构建第一步===
B=rd×D+C
D=B/(rd+k）
===模型构建第二步===
引入超额准备金 Re e：超额准备金率
B=rd×D+C+Re
D=B/(rd+e+k）
===模型构建第三步===
引入定期存款T (t,定期存款占活期存款比例）
B=rdXD+rt×T+C+Re
D=B/(rd+rt×t+e+k）

==延伸阅读==
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[[Category:货币理论]]