查看“︁硫氰酸盐”︁的源代码

{{Expand language|1=de|time=2023-01-21T09:17:33+00:00}}
{{NoteTA
|G1=Chemistry
}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 470607017
| ImageSize=
| IUPACName=Cyanosulfanide
| OtherNames= {{ubl|Rhodanide | Sulfocyanate| Sulphocyanate| Thiocyanide}} 
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4529
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 8961
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 84336
| InChI = 1/CHNS/c2-1-3/h3H/p-1
| InChIKey = ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-REWHXWOFAX
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/CHNS/c2-1-3/h3H/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 302-04-5
| PubChem=9322
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 18022
| SMILES = [S-]C#N
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| S=1 | C=1 | N=1 | Formula_Charge = -1
| Formula=SCN<sup>−</sup>
| Appearance=
| Density=
| MeltingPt=
| BoilingPt=
| Solubility=
  }}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards=
| FlashPt=
| AutoignitionPt =
  }}
  |ImageFileL1=Thiocyanate-ion-2D.png|ImageFileL2=Thiocyanate-3D-vdW.png}}
'''硫氰酸盐'''是[[硫氰酸]]根离子SCN<sup>−</sup>所成的盐，常见的包括无色的[[硫氰酸钾]]、[[硫氰酸钠]]、[[硫氰酸铵]]和[[硫氰酸汞]]。

[[硫氰酸酯]]指含有SCN官能团的[[有机化合物]]。

硫氰酸根离子与[[氰酸根]]离子[OCN]<sup>−</sup>同类，只是氧原子被[[硫]]原子替代。[SCN]<sup>−</sup>与[[卤离子]]相似之处很多，是[[拟卤离子]]之一。

硫氰酸盐可由[[硫]]或[[硫代硫酸盐]]与[[氰化物]]反应制备：
: <chem>8CN-
</chem><chem>+S8->8SCN-
</chem>
: <chem>CN-
</chem><chem>+S2O3^2-
</chem><chem>->SCN-
</chem><chem>+SO3^2-
</chem>
[[磺基转移酶]]{{le|硫氰酸酶| thiosulfate sulfurtransferase}}可催化第二个反应，可能是体内氰化物解毒的机理。

[[Riemschneider硫代氨基甲酸酯合成]]涉及有机硫氰酸酯水解为[[硫代氨基甲酸酯]]的反应。

== 异构 ==
[[File:PhSCN-PhNCS-comparison.png|thumb|200px|right|硫氰酸苯酯与异硫氰酸苯酯是[[键合异构体]]。]]
硫氰酸根存在[[键合异构体]]。
* 硫氰酸盐和硫氰酸酯中，有机基团或金属原子与硫相连：R−S−C≡N；<ref>Guy, R. G. "Syntheses and Preparative Applications of Thiocyanates" in "Chemistry of Cyanates and Their Derivatives," vol II. Patai, S., (Editor), John Wiley, 1977.  New York</ref>
* [[异硫氰酸盐]]或异硫氰酸酯中，则与氮相连：R−N=C=S。

== 检测Fe<sup>3+</sup> ==
[[File:Pentaaquathiocyanatoiron(II)-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|200px|血红色的[Fe(NCS)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>。]]
溶液中，Fe<sup>3+</sup>会与[SCN]<sup>−</sup>反应生成血红色的[[硫氰酸鐵|[Fe(SCN)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub><nowiki>]</nowiki><sup>2+</sup>]]，可用于检验[[三价铁离子]]，有些[[电影]]中也用该法制作{{le|假血|theatrical blood}}。
: Fe<sup>3+</sup>  +  n SCN<sup>-</sup>  →  [Fe(SCN)<sub>n</sub>]<sup>3-n</sup>

==藥理學 ==
硫氰酸盐<ref name="pmid17404297">{{ cite journal |author1=Pedemonte, N. |author2=Caci, E. |author3=Sondo, E. |author4=Caputo, A. |author5=Rhoden, K. |author6=Pfeffer, U. |author7=di Candia, M. |author8=Bandettini, R. |author9=Ravazzolo, R. |author10=Zegarra-Moran, O. |author11=Galietta, L. J. | title = Thiocyanate Transport in Resting and IL-4-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Role of Pendrin and Anion Channels |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-immunology_2007-04-15_178_8/page/n499 | journal = Journal of Immunology | year = 2007 | volume = 178 | issue = 8 | pages = 5144–5153 | pmid = 17404297 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5144}}</ref>在{{tsl|en|lactoperoxidase|乳過氧化酶}}合成{{tsl|en|hypothiocyanite|次硫氰酸鹽}}時扮演重要角色<ref name="pmid17204267">{{ cite journal |author1=Conner, G. E. |author2=Wijkstrom-Frei, C. |author3=Randell, S. H. |author4=Fernandez, V. E. |author5=Salathe, M. | title = The Lactoperoxidase System Links Anion Transport to Host Defense in Cystic Fibrosis | journal = FEBS Letters | year = 2007 | volume = 581 | issue = 2 | pages = 271–278 | pmid = 17204267 | pmc = 1851694 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.025 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6340603">{{ cite journal |author1=White, W. E. |author2=Pruitt, K. M. |author3=Mansson-Rahemtulla, B. | title = Peroxidase-Thiocyanate-Peroxide Antibacterial System Does not Damage DNA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antimicrobial-agents-and-chemotherapy_1983-02_23_2/page/267 | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | year = 1983 | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–272 | pmid = 6340603 | pmc = 186035 | doi=10.1128/aac.23.2.267}}</ref><ref name="pmid352945">{{ cite journal |author1=Thomas, E. L. |author2=Aune, T. M. | title = Lactoperoxidase, Peroxide, Thiocyanate Antimicrobial System: Correlation of Sulfhydryl Oxidation with Antimicrobial Action |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-and-immunity_1978-05_20_2/page/456 | journal = Infection and Immunity | year = 1978 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 456–463 | pmid = 352945 | pmc = 421877 }}</ref>。因此當人體缺乏硫氰酸盐時<ref name="pmid18519245">{{ cite journal | author1 = Minarowski, Ł. | author2 = Sands, D. | author3 = Minarowska, A. | author4 = Karwowska, A. | author5 = Sulewska, A. | author6 = Gacko, M. | author7 = Chyczewska, E. | title = Thiocyanate concentration in saliva of cystic fibrosis patients | journal = Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica | year = 2008 | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–246 | pmid = 18519245 | doi = 10.2478/v10042-008-0037-0 | url = http://versita.metapress.com/content/12805r021413m867/fulltext.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>（如[[囊腫性纖維化]]），會導致人體免疫功能下降<ref name="pmid17082494">{{ cite journal |author1=Moskwa, P. |author2=Lorentzen, D. |author3=Excoffon, K. J. |author4=Zabner, J. |author5=McCray, P. B. Jr. |author6=Nauseef, W. M. |author7=Dupuy, C. |author8=Bánfi, B. | title = A Novel Host Defense System of Airways is Defective in Cystic Fibrosis | journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | year = 2007 | volume = 175 | issue = 2 | pages = 174–183 | pmid = 17082494 | pmc = 2720149 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200607-1029OC }}</ref><ref name="pmid19918082">{{ cite journal | author = Xu, Y.; Szép, S.; Lu, Z. | title = The antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | year = 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 48 | pages = 20515–20519 | pmid = 19918082 | pmc = 2777967 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0911412106 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..10620515X | last2 = Szep | last3 = Lu }}</ref>。

硫氰酸盐也會競爭性抑制甲狀腺的{{tsl|en|sodium-iodide symporter|鈉-碘共同運輸蛋白}}（sodium-iodide symporter）<ref name="pmid15572417">{{cite journal | author1 = Braverman L. E. | author2 = He X. | author3 = Pino S. | title = The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term | journal = J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year = 2005 | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 700–706 | pmid = 15572417 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1210/jc.2004-1821 | url = http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/90/2/700.long | format =  | bibcode =  | display-authors = etal | author =  | access-date = 2019-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502010757/http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/90/2/700.long | archive-date = 2013-05-02 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>，減少運入甲狀腺濾泡的碘，進而抑制甲狀腺素的合成。因此甲狀腺機能低下的患者應該避免攝入含有過多硫氰酸盐的食物<ref>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/hypothyroidism|website=umm.edu|publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center|accessdate=3 December 2014|archive-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309192449/https://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/hypothyroidism|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

20世紀初期，硫氰酸盐會用於治療[[高血壓]]，但因為毒性過強而不再使用<ref>{{cite journal | title =Toxicity of Thiocyanates Used in Treatment of Hypertension | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1949-05_30_5/page/1054 |author1=Warren F. Gorman |author2=Emanuel Messinger |author3=And Morris Herman | journal = Ann Intern Med | year =1949 | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 1054–1059 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-30-5-1054}}</ref>。但至今仍用於{{tsl|en|hypertensive emergency|高血壓危症}}的[[硝普钠]]，其中一個代謝物即為硫氰酸盐。{{tsl|en|Rhodanese|硫氰酸酶}}會與[[硫代硫酸钠|硫代硫酸根]]共同作用，將硝普钠代謝為硫氰酸鹽。

== 参见 ==
* [[硫氰酸酯]]
* [[异硫氰酸盐]]、[[异硫氰酸酯]]

== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{硫氰酸盐}}
{{无机碳化合物}}

[[Category:按阴离子分类的化合物]]
[[Category:硫氰酸盐|*]]
[[Category:混凝土摻和料]]