查看“︁特斯拉閥”︁的源代码


[[File:Tesla_valve_cross-section.png|alt=A line drawing of the valve|thumb|原始專利申請中特斯拉閥的橫截面，顯示了其十一段腔體設計。]]
[[File:Nguyen_Tesla_flow_visualization.webp|thumb|於上游注入染料並進行Re=200的脈線流可視化：<br>
（a）正向，兩根相鄰的細絲仍位於管道的中央走廊，僅發生很小的橫向偏轉。<br>
（b）反向，這些細絲從周期性結構上反彈，偏轉得越來越厲害，然後繞過“島嶼”並混合在一起。<br>
（c）和（d）是放大的圖像]]
'''特斯拉閥'''（{{Lang-en|Tesla valve}}），其發明者稱之為“{{Lang|en|valvular conduit}}”，是一種固定幾何形狀的被動[[止回阀]]。它限制[[流体]]優先向一個方向流動，而無需移動部件。該裝置以其發明者[[尼古拉·特斯拉]]命名，他因這項發明於1920年獲得{{US Patent|1329559}}。該專利申請對本發明描述如下：<ref name="Patent">{{cite web|title=Patent #: US001329559|url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=01329559&IDKey=BD3AA70D843B%0D%0A&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1329559.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1329559%2526RS%3DPN%2F1329559|website=United States Patent and Trademark Office|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103095151/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=01329559&IDKey=BD3AA70D843B%0D%0A&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D1329559.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F1329559%26RS%3DPN%2F1329559|archive-date=2017-01-03|accessdate=|publisher=Office of the Chief Communications Officer}}</ref><blockquote>管道內部設有擴大部、凹槽、突起部、擋板或桶狀物，除了[[寄生阻力#表面摩擦力|表面摩擦]]之外，它們實際上對流體在一個方向上的通過不產生任何[[阻力]]，但對流體在相反方向的流動卻構成了幾乎不可逾越的障礙。</blockquote>特斯拉用圖紙說明了這一點，展示了一種可能的結構，其中包含一系列十一個流量控制段，儘管可以根據需要使用任何其他數量的此類段來增加或減少流量調節效果。

== 壓降比 ==
閥門的結構使一個方向（反向）的[[压降]]比另一個方向（正向）的壓降更高。這種流動阻力的差異導致振盪流中向前方向的淨定向流速。效率通常用壓降比<math>\mathrm{Di}</math>（{{Lang|en|diodicity}}）來表示，是方向阻力的比率。

流動阻力的定義類似於電學中有關電阻的[[欧姆定律]]，<ref name="electronic-hydraulic">{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Quynh M. |last2=Huang |first2=Dean |last3=Dean |first3=Evan |last4=Romanelli |first4=Genievieve |last5=Meyer |first5=Charlotte |last6=Ristroph |first6=Leif |title=Tesla's fluidic diode and the electronic-hydraulic analogy |journal=American Journal of Physics |date=2020-10 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=393–402 |arxiv=2103.14813 |doi=10.1119/10.0003395 |s2cid=232401497}}</ref>為施加的壓降與產生的流速之比：

<math> R = \frac{\Delta p}{Q} </math>，<math> \Delta p</math>是管道兩端施加的壓力差，<math> Q </math>是流速。

壓降比就是反向流阻與正向流阻之比：<math> \mathrm {Di} = \frac{R_{\rm r}}{R_{\rm f}} </math>。如果<math> \mathrm {Di} >1 </math>，所討論的導管具有二極特性。

因此，壓降比也是相同流速下壓降的比率：<ref name="diodicity">{{cite journal |last1=de Vries |last2=Florea |last3=Homburg |last4=Frijns |title=Design and operation of a tesla-type valve for pulsating heat pipes |journal=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer |year=2017 |volume=105 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.09.062 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<math> \mathrm {Di} = \left( \frac{\Delta p_{\rm r}}{\Delta p_{\rm f}} \right)_Q, </math>

<math>\Delta p_{\rm r}</math>是流量<math>Q</math>下的反向（{{Lang|en|reverse}}）流動壓降，而<math>\Delta p_{\rm f}</math>是正向（{{Lang|en|forward}}）流動壓降。

同樣地，壓降比也可以定義為相同[[雷诺数]]下無量綱[[哈根数]]或[[達西–威斯巴哈方程式|達西摩擦因子]]的比值。<ref name="macrovalves">{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Quynh M. |last2=Abouezzi |first2=Joanna |last3=Ristroph |first3=Leif |title=Early turbulence and pulsatile flows enhance diodicity of Tesla's macrofluidic valve |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-17 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2884 |arxiv=2103.17222 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2884N |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23009-y |pmc=8128925 |pmid=34001882 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== 應用 ==
由於沒有活動部件，特斯拉閥門的耐磨性和抗疲勞性更強，特別是在壓力頻繁反轉的應用中，如[[脉冲喷气式发动机]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammadzadeh |first=K. |last2=Kolahdouz |first2=Ebrahim M. |last3=Shirani |first3=E. |last4=Shafii |first4=M. B. |title=Numerical study on the performance of Tesla type microvalve in a valveless micropump in the range of low frequencies |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12213-013-0069-1 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=3–4 |page=145–159 |doi=10.1007/s12213-013-0069-1 |s2cid=109638783 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423211730/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12213-013-0069-1 |archive-date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2021-05-12}}</ref>
[[File:A_rotated_scanning_electron_microscope_photograph_of_a_Tesla_valve_by_Forster_et_al._J_anona-2020-0014_fig_001.jpg|thumb|固定閥微型泵中特斯拉閥的顯微照片，從右到左的流量受到限制<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Forster |first=Fred K. |last2=Bardell |first2=Ronald L. |last3=Afromowitz |first3=Martin A. |last4=Sharma |first4=Nigel R. |date=1995 |title=Design, fabrication and testing of fixed-valve micro-pumps |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245883107 |volume=234 |pages=39–44 |work=Proceedings of the ASME Fluids Engineering Division}}</ref>]]
特斯拉閥有於[[微流控|微觀流體]]領域的應用<ref name = "microvalves">{{cite book|last1=Deng|first1=Yongbo|last2=Liu|first2=Zhenyu|last3=Zhang|first3=Ping|title=2010 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) |chapter=Optimization of no-moving part fluidic resistance microvalves with low reynolds number |pages=67–70|date=28 Jan 2010|doi=10.1109/MEMSYS.2010.5442565|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224129251|isbn=978-1-4244-5761-8|s2cid=22740698|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154220/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224129251_Optimization_of_no-moving_part_fluidic_resistance_microvalves_with_low_Reynolds_number|url-status=live}}</ref>，並具有可擴展性、耐用性，以及易於用多種材料製造等優勢。<ref name = "Micropump">{{cite journal|last1=Gamboa|first1=Adrian R.|last2=Morris|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Forster|first3=Fred K.|title=Improvements in Fixed-Valve Micropump Performance Through Shape Optimization of Valves|journal=Journal of Fluids Engineering|date=2005|volume=127|issue=2|pages=339|doi=10.1115/1.1891151|s2cid=55961879}}</ref>它還用於宏流體應用和脈衝噴氣發動機。<ref name = "macrovalves"/>2021年，[[小米集團|小米]]宣佈其部分手機將採用“環形冷泵”[[水冷]]技術。該技術使用特斯拉閥來確保水冷液的單向流動。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explained: How liquid cooling technology works in smartphone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/explained-how-liquid-cooling-technology-works-in-smartphones/articleshow/90228130.cms|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-date=2024-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918211633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/explained-how-liquid-cooling-technology-works-in-smartphones/articleshow/90228130.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid cooling and Tesla valves are coming to smartphones|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/xiaomi-loop-liquidcool-heat-dissipation-technology-3054927/|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-date=2024-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621103333/https://www.androidauthority.com/xiaomi-loop-liquidcool-heat-dissipation-technology-3054927/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[File:Tesla_valve_principle.svg|thumb|特斯拉閥的工作原理：上圖顯示了阻塞方向的流動：在每個段上，一部分流體會轉向（紅色）並干擾正向流動（黑色）。下圖顯示的是暢通無阻方向的流動（藍色）。]]
對兩段和四段特斯拉閥進行的[[计算流体力学]]模擬表明，阻塞（即反向）方向的流動阻力分別比暢通（即正向）方向的流動阻力大約高出15倍和40倍。<ref name = "CFD">{{Cite web|url=https://fluidpowerjournal.com/2013/10/teslas-conduit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113033316/https://fluidpowerjournal.com/2013/10/teslas-conduit/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-01-13|title=Tesla's Valvular Conduit - Fluid Power Journal|date=2013-10-23|website=Fluid Power Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>這為特斯拉的專利主張提供了支持，即在他的圖表中的閥門管道“可以獲得大約200的壓力比，因此該裝置可以充當略微泄漏的閥門”。<ref name ="Patent"/>

然而，包括原始設計在內的穩定流實驗表明，正反方向阻力的比率較小，數值大約在2到4。<ref name = "macrovalves"/> 研究還表明，該裝置在{{link-en|脈動流|Pulsatile flow}}下效果更好。<ref name = "macrovalves"/>

== 参见 ==

* [[康達效應]]
* [[止回阀]]
* [[二極體]]
* {{Link-en|迷宫密封|Labyrinth seal}}
* {{Link-en|靜態混合器|Static mixer}}
* [[閥門]]

== 参考 ==
{{Reflist|refs=
* "Simulation and Optimization of Tesla Valves", [http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2003v1/9/M72.05 T-Q Truong and N-T Nguyen, Nanotech 2003 Vol. 1 Technical Proceedings of the 2003 Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Volume 1] {{ISBN|0-9728422-0-9}}}}
== 外部链接 ==

* {{YouTube|tcV1EYSUQME|Tesla Valve Explained With Fire}}
* {{YouTube|suIAo0EYwOE|Tesla Valve {{!}} The complete physics}}
{{尼古拉·特斯拉}}
[[Category:1920年面世]]
[[Category:閥]]
[[Category:尼古拉·特斯拉]]