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'''潮汐瓦解事件'''（TDE，tidal disruption event）是一種[[時域天文學|天文現象]]，當[[恆星]]接近[[超大質量黑洞]]（SMBH）並被黑洞的[[潮汐力]]拉離時，發生與經歷[[麵條化|義大利麵化]]<ref name="universetoday">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/118555/astronomers-see-a-massive-black-hole-tear-a-star-apart/ | title=Astronomers See a Massive Black Hole Tear a Star Apart | publisher=Universe today | date=28 January 2015 | access-date=1 February 2015 | archive-date=2015-02-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201152035/http://www.universetoday.com/118555/astronomers-see-a-massive-black-hole-tear-a-star-apart/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.astro.umd.edu/~tamarab/Site/Research/97187CB4-2B6A-40B8-9940-9EE36CABC885.html | title=Tidal Disruption of a Star By a Massive Black Hole | access-date=1 February 2015 | archive-date=2016-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602192359/http://www.astro.umd.edu/~tamarab/Site/Research/97187CB4-2B6A-40B8-9940-9EE36CABC885.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>。恆星的一部分質量會被捕獲到黑洞周圍的[[吸積盤]]中，當吸積盤中的物質被黑洞吞噬時，會產生暫時的[[電磁輻射]]耀斑。根據早期的論文，潮汐瓦解事件應該是隱藏在星系核中的大質量黑洞活動的必然結果，而後來的理論家們得出結論，恆星碎片積累所產生的爆炸或輻射耀斑可能是正常星系中心存在休眠黑洞的獨特迹象<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gezari|first1=Suvi|title=Tidal Disruption Events|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physics|date=11 June 2013|volume=43|issue=5–6|pages=351–355|doi=10.1007/s13538-013-0136-z|bibcode = 2013BrJPh..43..351G |s2cid=122336157}}</ref>。有時恆星可以在與SMBH相遇後倖存下來，並形成殘骸；這些事件稱為部分TDE<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guillochon |first1=James |last2=Ramirez-Ruiz |first2=Enrico |title=Hydrodynamical Simulations to Determine the Feeding Rate of Black Holes by the Tidal Disruption of Stars: The Importance of the Impact Parameter and Stellar Structure |date=2013-04-10 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/25 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=767 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/25 |arxiv=1206.2350 |bibcode=2013ApJ...767...25G |s2cid=118900779 |issn=0004-637X |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001122705/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/25 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 歷史 ==
物理學家[[約翰·惠勒]]提出，旋轉黑洞[[動圈]]中的恆星破裂可能會通過所謂的"牙膏管效應"，將釋放的氣體加速至相對論速度<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheeler J.A. |title=Mechanisms for jets |date=1971 |journal=Pontificae Academiae Scientarum Scripta Varia |volume=35 |pages=539–582 |url=https://www.pas.va/content/dam/casinapioiv/pas/pdf-volumi/scripta-varia/sv35pas.pdf#page=557 |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202001708/https://www.pas.va/content/dam/casinapioiv/pas/pdf-volumi/scripta-varia/sv35pas.pdf#page=557 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。惠勒成功地將經典牛頓潮汐瓦解問題的相對論推廣，應用於[[史瓦西度規]]或[[克爾度規|克爾]]黑洞附近。然而，這些早期的工作限制了他們對不可壓縮恆星模型和/或輕微穿透[[洛希極限|洛希半徑]]恆星的關注，在這種情況下，潮汐振幅較小。

在1976年，劍橋天文研究所的天文學家朱漢·弗蘭克（Juhan Frank）和[[馬丁·里斯]]探索了星系中心和[[球狀星團]]存在黑洞的可能性，確定了恆星被黑洞擾動和吞噬的臨界半徑，這表明在某些星系中觀察這些事件是可能的<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=J.|last2=Rees|first2=M. J.|year=1976|title=Effects of massive black holes on dense stellar systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1976-09_176_3/page/633|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=176|issue=3|pages=633–647|bibcode=1976MNRAS.176..633F|doi=10.1093/mnras/176.3.633|doi-access=free}}</ref>。但當時，英國研究人員沒有提出任何精確的模型或模擬。 

20世紀80年代初，這一推測性預測和缺乏理論工具引起了巴黎天文台{{link-en|讓-皮埃爾·盧米內|Jean-Pierre Luminet}}和[[布蘭登·卡特]]的好奇，他們發明了TDE的概念。他們的第一批作品於1982年發表在《自然》雜誌上<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/296211a0| title=Pancake detonation of stars by black holes in galactic nuclei| journal=Nature| volume=296| issue=5854| pages=211–214| year=1982| last1=Carter| first1=B.| last2=Luminet| first2=J.-P.|bibcode = 1982Natur.296..211C| s2cid=4316597}}</ref>，和在1983年的''天文學和天體物理學''<ref>{{Cite journal |bibcode = 1983A&A...121...97C|title = Tidal compression of a star by a large black hole. I Mechanical evolution and nuclear energy release by proton capture|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1983-05_121_1/page/97|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume = 121|issue = 1|pages = 97|last1 = Carter|first1 = B.|last2 = Luminet|first2 = J.-P.|year = 1983}}</ref>。作者基於"恆星煎餅爆發"模型，利用盧米內（Luminet）運算式描述了[[活動星系核|活躍星系核]]（AGNs）心臟的潮汐擾動，該模型描述了超大質量黑洞產生的潮汐場， 以及他們稱之為「煎餅爆炸」的效果，以限定由這些干擾導致的輻射爆發。後來，在1986年，盧米內和卡特在《天體學報增補》雜誌上發表了一篇分析文章，內容涵蓋了TDE的所有案例，而不僅僅是10%的"義大利麵"和其它"煎餅"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luminet|first1=J.-.P|last2=Carter|first2=B.|year=1986|title=Dynamics of an Affine Star Model in a Black Hole Tidal Field|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|volume=61|pages=219|bibcode=1986ApJS...61..219L|doi=10.1086/191113}}</ref>。

僅僅十年後，即1990年，通過DLR/NASA[[倫琴衛星]]的"全天候"X射線調查，發現了第一批符合TDE標準的候選者<ref>{{cite web | url=https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/rass.html | title=The ROSAT All Sky Survey | access-date=2022-09-28 | archive-date=2020-08-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809110600/https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/rass.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。自那時以來，已經發現了十幾個候選者，其中包括紫外線或可見光中更為活躍的來源，但原因仍然很神秘。

== 發現 ==
最後，盧米內和卡特的理論得到了觀測結果的證實。觀測結果顯示，位於AGN中心（如NGC 5128或NGC 4438）以及銀河系中心（人馬座A*）的一個巨大物體吸積恆星碎片，從而引發壯觀的噴發。TDE理論甚至解釋了以代號ASASSN-15lh更為人所知的超亮超新星[[ASASSN-15lh|SN 2015L]]，是一顆被大質量黑洞[[事件視界]]吸收之前爆炸的超新星。

目前，所有已知的TDE和TDE候選者都已列入由哈佛大學CfA管理"開放TDE目錄" <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tde.space/ |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2019-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123101920/https://tde.space/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，自1999年以來已登錄了91個條目。

== 新的觀察結果 ==
2016年9月，中國[[安徽]][[合肥]][[中國科學技術大學]]的一個團隊宣佈，利用[[NASA]]的[[廣域紅外線巡天探測衛星]]的數據，在一個已知黑洞觀測到恆恒星潮汐瓦解事件。位於美國[[馬里蘭州]][[巴爾的摩]]的[[約翰霍普金斯大學]]的另一個團隊檢測到了另外三個事件。在每一個情况下，天文學家都假設瀕臨瓦解的恆星產生的天體物理噴流會發出紫外線和X射線輻射，這些輻射會被黑洞周圍的塵埃吸收，並以紅外線輻射的形式發出。不僅探測到了這種紅外輻射，他們還得出結論，噴流的紫外線和X射線輻射發射與塵埃的紅外輻射發射之間的延遲可以用來估計吞噬恆星的黑洞大小<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Velzen|first1=Sjoert|last2=Mendez|first2=Alexander J.|last3=Krolik|first3=Julian H.|last4=Gorjian|first4=Varoujan|title=Discovery of transient infrared emission from dust heated by stellar tidal disruption flares|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=15 September 2016|volume=829|issue=1|page=19|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/19|postscript=none|bibcode=2016ApJ...829...19V|arxiv = 1605.04304 |s2cid=119106558}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Ning|last2=Dou|first2=Liming|last3=Wang|first3=Tinggui|last4=Yang|first4=Chenwei|last5=Lyu|first5=Jianwei|last6=Zhou|first6=Hongyan|title=The WISE Detection of an Infrared Echo in Tidal Disruption Event ASASSN-14li|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date=1 September 2016|volume=828|issue=1|page=L14|doi=10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L14|bibcode=2016ApJ...828L..14J|arxiv = 1605.04640 |s2cid=119159417}}</ref>。

2019年9月，使用[[TESS]]衛星的科學家宣佈，他們在3.75億光年外目睹了一次名為[[ASASSN-19bt]]的潮汐瓦解事件<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66 |title=Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=883 |issue=2 |pages=111 |year=2019 |last1=Holoien |first1=Thomas W.-S. |last2=Vallely |first2=Patrick J. |last3=Auchettl |first3=Katie |last4=Stanek |first4=K. Z. |last5=Kochanek |first5=Christopher S. |last6=French |first6=K. Decker |last7=Prieto |first7=Jose L. |last8=Shappee |first8=Benjamin J. |last9=Brown |first9=Jonathan S. |last10=Fausnaugh |first10=Michael M. |last11=Dong |first11=Subo |last12=Thompson |first12=Todd A. |last13=Bose |first13=Subhash |last14=Neustadt |first14=Jack M. M. |last15=Cacella |first15=P. |last16=Brimacombe |first16=J. |last17=Kendurkar |first17=Malhar R. |last18=Beaton |first18=Rachael L. |last19=Boutsia |first19=Konstantina |last20=Chomiuk |first20=Laura |last21=Connor |first21=Thomas |last22=Morrell |first22=Nidia |last23=Newman |first23=Andrew B. |last24=Rudie |first24=Gwen C. |last25=Shishkovsky |first25=Laura |last26=Strader |first26=Jay |bibcode=2019arXiv190409293H |arxiv=1904.09293 |s2cid=128307681 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-tess-mission-spots-its-1st-star-shredding-black-hole|title=TESS Spots Its 1st Star-shredding Black Hole|last=Garner|first=Rob|date=2019-09-25|website=NASA|access-date=2019-09-28|archive-date=2022-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005114955/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-tess-mission-spots-its-1st-star-shredding-black-hole/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

2020年7月，天文學家報告了與ASASSN-20hx相關的"硬潮汐瓦解事件候選者"的觀測，該事件位於星系NGC 6297的核心附近，並指出該觀測代表了"極少數具有[[X射線#軟硬X射線|硬功率定律X射線光譜]]的潮汐瓦解事件之一"<ref name="AT-20200725">{{cite news |last=Lin |first=Dacheng |title=ATel #13895: ASASSN-20hx is a Hard Tidal Disruption Event Candidate |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13895 |date=25 July 2020 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001122915/https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13895 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="AT-20200724">{{cite news |author=Hinkle, J.T. |display-authors=et al. |title=Atel #13893: Classification of ASASSN-20hx as a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13893 |date=24 July 2020 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001181123/https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13893 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 潮汐瓦解半徑 ==
潮汐瓦解半徑<math>R_T</math>是質量黑洞<math>M_{BH}</math>潮汐瓦解半徑為R^*和質量為M^*的接近恆星的距離，近似如下：

:<math>R_T\approx R^*(\frac{M_{BH}}{M^*})^{\frac13}</math>

通常黑洞的潮汐瓦解半徑大於它的[[史瓦西半徑]]<math>R_S=\frac{2G M}{c^2}</math>，但考慮到恆星的半徑和質量固定，黑洞有一個質量，當兩個半徑相等<math>R_T=R_S</math>，這意味著在這一點上，恆星在被撕裂之前就會消失<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gezari |first=Suvi |date=2014 |title=The tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes |url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2382 |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=37–42 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2382 |bibcode=2014PhT....67e..37G |issn=0031-9228 |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001181118/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2382 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=Martin J. |date=1988 |title=Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106–108 solar masses in nearby galaxies |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/333523a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=333 |issue=6173 |pages=523–528 |doi=10.1038/333523a0 |bibcode=1988Natur.333..523R |s2cid=4331660 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103013718/https://www.nature.com/articles/333523a0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 相關條目 ==
{{Portal|天文學|物理學}}
* [[伽瑪射線暴#潮汐瓦解事件]]
* [[超軟X射線源#大振幅爆發]]
* [[RX J1242-11]]

== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Jeff|title=Watch what happens when a black hole rips apart a star|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/science/nasa-capture-rare-footage-black-6688708|access-date=26 November 2016|work=mirror|date=23 October 2015|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001122914/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/science/nasa-capture-rare-footage-black-6688708|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|title=Scientists get first glimpse of black hole eating star, ejecting high-speed flare|url=http://phys.org/news/2015-11-scientists-glimpse-black-hole-star.html|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=2022-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930203819/https://phys.org/news/2015-11-scientists-glimpse-black-hole-star.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|title=Supermassive black hole ASSASSN 14LI destroying a Sun-like star|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-27/supermassive-black-hole-assassn-14li-nasa-gsfc.jpg/6977522|access-date=26 November 2016|work=ABC News|date=27 November 2015|archive-date=2022-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930203819/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-27/supermassive-black-hole-assassn-14li-nasa-gsfc.jpg/6977522|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Jeff|title=A gigantic 'wandering' supermassive black hole is ripping through the galaxy|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/science/gigantic-wandering-black-hole-spotted-8990992|access-date=26 November 2016|work=mirror|date=6 October 2016|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929205543/https://www.mirror.co.uk/science/gigantic-wandering-black-hole-spotted-8990992|dead-url=no}}

== 外部連結 ==
* [http://tde.space The Open TDE catalog] {{Wayback|url=http://tde.space/ |date=20221117121604 }}, a catalog of claimed tidal disruption events.

{{黑洞}}

[[Category:黑洞]]
[[Category:恆星現象]]
[[Category:伽瑪射線暴]]
[[Category:天文現象]]
[[Category:天文學X射線源]]