查看“︁氧化钬”︁的源代码

{{Chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 396493261
| ImageFile = Holmium%28III%29_oxide.jpg
|  ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
|  ImageSize = 244
|  ImageName = Samples of holmium(III) oxide under ambient light, and trichromatic light
| IUPACName = Holmium(III) oxide
| OtherNames = 三氧化二钬
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|  CASNo = 12055-62-8
|   CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
|  PubChem = 4232365
|   PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|PubChem}}
|  ChemSpiderID = 3441223
|   ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
|  EINECS = 235-015-3
|  SMILES = [O-2].[Ho+3].[O-2].[Ho+3].[O-2]
|  StdInChI = 1S/2Ho.3O
|   StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|  InChI = 1/2Ho.3O/rHo2O3/c3-1-5-2-4
|  StdInChIKey = JYTUFVYWTIKZGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|   StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|  InChIKey = JYTUFVYWTIKZGR-VLHOCPAZAL
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|  Ho = 2
|  O = 3
|  Density = 8.41 g cm<sup>-3</sup>
|  Appearance = 浅黄色不透明的晶体
|  MeltingPtC = 2415
|  BoilingPtC = 3900
|  BandGap = 5.3 eV <ref name=optics/>
|  RefractIndex = 1.8 <ref name=optics>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01760-6|title=Preparation and optical properties of holmium oxide thin films|year=2002|author=Wiktorczyk, T|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=405|pages=238}}</ref>
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
|  CrystalStruct = 立方晶系, cI80
|  SpaceGroup = Ia-3, No. 206
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
|  DeltaHf = -1880.7 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>
|  Entropy = 158.2 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>
|  HeatCapacity = 115.0 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> 
}}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Hazards 
|  ExternalMSDS = [http://www.espimetals.com/msds%27s/holmiumoxide.pdf External MSDS]
|  SPhrases = {{S22}}, {{S24/25}}
}}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Related
|  OtherCpds = [[氧化钐]]<br />[[氧化铕]]<br />[[氧化镥]]<br />[[氧化钷]]<br />[[三氧化二铽]]<br />[[氧化铥]]
}}
}}
'''氧化钬'''，又称'''三氧化二钬'''，化学式Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>，是[[稀土元素]][[钬]]与[[氧]]元素组成的[[化合物]]，与[[氧化镝]]并为已知[[顺磁性]]最强的物质之一。氧化钬是[[氧化铒]][[矿物]]的成分之一。天然状态下，氧化钬常与[[镧系元素]]的三价氧化物共存，需要专门方法才能将其分离。氧化钬可用于制备特殊颜色的[[玻璃]]。含有氧化钬的玻璃和溶液的可见[[吸收_(光学)|吸收]][[光谱]]有一系列尖锐的峰，因此传统上用作分光光谱仪校准用标准。

==性质==
[[File:Ho2O3.jpg|left|thumb|180px|粉红色的氧化钬(III)]]
===外观===
依光照条件，氧化钬有相当显著的颜色变化。日光照射下为浅黄色，[[三原色]]光源下，呈强橘红色，与同样光照下的氧化铒几乎无法区分，这与它的明锐的磷光发射带有关
<ref name=su/>。氧化钬具有宽达5.3 eV的[[带隙]]<ref name=optics/>，因此，本应无色。氧化钬的黄色是大量的晶格缺陷（比如氧空位）和Ho<sup>3+</sup>的内转换造成的<ref name=su>{{cite journal| doi=10.1246/cl.2008.762| title=Hydrothermal Synthesis of GdVO4:Ho3+ Nanorods with a Novel White-light Emission| year=2008| author=Su, Yiguo| journal=Chemistry Letters| volume=37| pages=762| last2=Li| first2=Guangshe| last3=Chen| first3=Xiaobo| last4=Liu| first4=Junjie| last5=Li| first5=Liping| issue=7}}</ref>。

===晶体结构===
<!--为[[等轴晶系]][[氧化钪]]型结构。-->

[[File:Tl2O3structure.jpg|thumb|left|Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>在室温下沿立方轴的结构，红色原子为氧原子]]

氧化钬晶体属于[[立方晶系]]，但结构更为复杂，每个单胞有许多原子，晶格常数较大，为1.06&nbsp;nm。这种结构是重稀土元素的氧化物的典型结构，比如 Tb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Yb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>。氧化钬的热膨胀系数相对较大，达7.4&nbsp;µm/°C<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1016/0022-5088(69)90137-4|title =Precise determination of the lattice parameters of holmium and erbium sesquioxides at elevated temperatures|year =1969|author =Singh, H|journal =Journal of the Less Common Metals|volume =18|pages =172|last2 =Dayal|first2 =B|issue =2}}</ref>。

===反应===
氧化钬与[[盐酸]]或[[氯化铵]]反应，生成[[氯化钬]]：<ref name=patnaik/>
:Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 6 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl → 2 HoCl<sub>3</sub> + 6 NH<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O

==历史==
钬（''Holmia''，为[[斯德哥尔摩]]的拉丁名）是1878年由[[马克·德拉方丹]]和{{link-en|雅克-路易·索雷|Jacques-Louis Soret}}[[化學元素發現年表|发现]]的，他们当时注意到一种未知元素的异常的吸收光谱带<ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur les spectres d'absorption ultra-violets des terres de la gadolinite|author = Jacques-Louis Soret|journal = Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|volume = 87|pages = 1062|year = 1878|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3043m/f1124.table|access-date = 2015-01-19|archive-date = 2014-08-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082745/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3043m/f1124.table|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur le spectre des terres faisant partie du groupe de l'yttria|author = Jacques-Louis Soret|journal = Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|volume = 89|pages = 521|year = 1879|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f550.table|access-date = 2015-01-19|archive-date = 2014-08-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082818/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f550.table|dead-url = no}}</ref>。1878年末，[[佩尔·特奥多尔·克莱韦]]也在[[氧化铒]]研究中独立发现了这种元素<ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur deux nouveaux éléments dans l'erbine|author = [[Per Teodor Cleve]]|journal = Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|volume = 89|pages = 478|year = 1879|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f432.table|access-date = 2015-01-19|archive-date = 2014-08-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082831/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f432.table|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur l'erbine|author = Per Teodor Cleve|journal = Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|volume = 89|pages = 708|year = 1879|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f759.table|access-date = 2015-01-19|archive-date = 2014-08-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082802/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f759.table|dead-url = no}}</ref>。

利用化学家{{link-en|卡尔·古斯塔夫·莫桑德|Carl Gustaf Mosander}}发展的方法，克莱韦清理出了氧化铒中的杂质，杂质中有棕色和绿色两种杂质，他把棕色物质以其家乡斯德哥尔摩命名为“钬”（holmia），把绿色物质命名为“[[铥]]”（thulia）。后来发现，他分离出的其实分别是氧化钬和[[氧化铥]]。<ref name=history3>{{cite book| pages=180–181| url =http://books.google.com/?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA180| title =Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements| author =John Emsley| publisher=Oxford University Press |location =US| year = 2001| isbn = 0-19-850341-5}}</ref>

==矿体赋存==
[[File:Gadolinitas.jpg|thumb|left|硅铍钇矿]]
氧化钬以痕量存在于[[硅铍钇矿]]、[[磷铈镧矿]]和其他稀土矿中。钬金属在空气中会立即氧化，因此天然钬与钬是同意语。钬在地球上的丰度为1.4&nbsp;mg/kg，各元素中排第56位<ref name=history/>。钬矿主要分布[[中国]]、[[美国]]、[[巴西]]、[[印度]]、[[斯里兰卡]]和[[澳大利亚]]，总储量估算为400,000吨<ref name=history>{{cite book| pages=181–182| url =http://books.google.com/?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA181| title =Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements| author =John Emsley| publisher=Oxford University Press |location =US| year = 2001| isbn = 0-19-850341-5}}</ref>。

==工业生产==
氧化钬典型的提取过程简述如下：矿物压碎研磨。反复使用电磁选矿法，从磷铈镧矿中把氧化钬分离出来。选矿之后，用热的浓[[硫酸]]处理，产生可溶于水的几种稀土元素的硫酸盐。酸性滤液用[[氢氧化钠]]部分中和至pH值在3-4之间。[[钍]]会以氢氧化物的形式沉淀出来。然后，溶液以[[草酸铵]]处理，把稀土盐转化为不溶的[[草酸盐]]。通过退火，草酸盐转化为氧化物，将氧化物溶于[[硝酸]]，主要成分[[铈]]的氧化物不溶于硝酸，这样就把铈分离了出来。

将氧化钬从稀土元素里分离出来的最高效的方法是[[离子交换]]法。稀土离子被吸附到合适的离子交换树脂上，然后用合适的络合剂，如[[柠檬酸铵]]或氨三乙酸，把稀土离子选择性冲洗出来<ref name=patnaik>{{cite book|last =Patnaik|first =Pradyot|year = 2003|title =Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds|publisher = McGraw-Hill|pages = 340;445| isbn =0-07-049439-8|url= http://books.google.com/?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&pg=PA445|accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref>。
<!-- 
==制备==
[[硝酸钬]]溶液与[[氢氧化钠]]溶液作用沉淀出[[氢氧化钬]]，再经分离、灼烧，制得氧化钬。
:<math>\rm \ 2Ho(OH)_3\rightarrow Ho_2O_3+3H_2O</math> -->
==应用==
[[File:HoOxideSolution.jpg|thumb|4%的氧化钬溶于10%的高氯酸，永久融合入石英比色皿，可作为光学校准用标准]]
氧化钬可用作[[苏联钻]]和[[玻璃]]的黄、红着色剂<ref>{{cite web| accessdate=2009-06-06| url=http://www.geologyrocks.co.uk/tutorials/cubic_zirconia| title=Cubic zirconia| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424075328/http://www.geologyrocks.co.uk/tutorials/cubic_zirconia| archivedate=2009-04-24}}</ref>。含有氧化钬的玻璃和氧化钬溶液（常为[[高氯酸]]溶液）在 200-900&nbsp;nm范围内的光谱有明锐的吸收峰，因此可用作光谱仪校准用标准<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/10/12/1117.pdf|journal=Clinical Chemistry|volume=10|year=1964|title=Uses for a Holmium Oxide Filter in Spectrophotometry|author=R. P. MacDonald|pmid=14240747|issue=12|pages=1117–20|access-date=2015-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205221417/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/10/12/1117.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-05|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1021/ac0255680| title = An International Evaluation of Holmium Oxide Solution Reference Materials for Wavelength Calibration in Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry| year = 2002| author = Travis, John C.| journal = Analytical Chemistry| volume = 74| pages = 3408–15| pmid = 12139047| last2 = Zwinkels| first2 = JC| last3 = Mercader| first3 = F| last4 = Ruíz| first4 = A| last5 = Early| first5 = EA| last6 = Smith| first6 = MV| last7 = Noël| first7 = M| last8 = Maley| first8 = M| last9 = Kramer| first9 = GW| last10 = Eckerle| first10 = Kenneth L.| last11 = Duewer| first11 = David L.| issue = 14| display-authors = 8}}</ref>，并且已经商业化<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labshoponline.com/holmium-glass-filter-spectrophotometer-calibration-p-88.html |accessdate=2009-06-06 |title=Holmium Glass Filter for Spectrophotometer Calibration |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314163906/http://www.labshoponline.com/holmium-glass-filter-spectrophotometer-calibration-p-88.html |archivedate=2010-03-14 }}</ref>。如其他稀土元素一样，氧化钬也用作特种[[催化剂]]、[[磷光体]]和[[激光]]材料。钬激光波长约为2.08 μm，可以是脉冲也可以是连续光。这种激光对眼无害，可用于医学、[[光学雷达]]、风速测量和大气监测。<ref>{{cite book| page=125| url=http://books.google.com/?id=0BFHEev-pMgC&pg=PA127| title = The physics and engineering of solid state lasers| author = Yehoshua Y. Kalisky| publisher = SPIE Press| year = 2006| isbn = 0-8194-6094-X}}</ref>
<!-- 用于制造新型光源[[钬灯]]，也用作[[钇铝石榴石|钇铝]]和[[钇铁石榴石]]掺入剂及制取金属[[钬]]的原料。 -->
==对健康的影响==
氧化钬不是太危险，但反复过量接触会引起{{link-en|肉芽肿瘤|granuloma}}和{{link-en|血红蛋白血症|hemoglobinemia}}。氧化钬具有低口服毒性、皮肤毒性和吸入毒性，无刺激性。口服半数致死量大于1g每千克体重。<ref>{{cite web| accessdate=2009-06-06| url=http://www.espimetals.com/msds%27s/holmiumoxide.pdf| title=External MSDS| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309110140/http://www.espimetals.com/msds%27s/holmiumoxide.pdf| archive-date=2008-03-09| dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==参考资料==
{{reflist|2}}

{{钬化合物}}
{{氧化物}}

[[Category:钬化合物]]
[[Category:氧化物]]