查看“︁氟銻酸”︁的源代码

{{Chembox
|   Name = 氟锑酸
|   ImageFile = Fluoroantimonic acid-3D-balls.png
|ImageFile2=Fluoroantimonic_acid_bottle.png
|   ImageName = 氟銻酸
|   IUPACName = Fluoroantimonic acid
|   OtherNames = 六氟銻酸<BR>六氟合锑(V)酸
|  PIN = Fluoroantimonic acid
|  SystematicName = Hydrogen hexafluoro-λ<sup>5</sup>-stibanuide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 16950-06-4
| CASNo_Comment =  无水
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CASNo1 = 72121-43-8
| CASNo1_Comment =  六水
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
|   PubChem  =  6337100
|   PubChem_Ref  = {{Pubchemcite|correct|pubchem}}|   ChemSpiderID  =  21241496
|   ChemSpiderID_Ref  = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|   EINECS  =  241-023-8
|   SMILES  =  F[Sb-](F)(F)(F)(F)[FH+]
|   StdInChI_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|  StdInChI  =  1S/6FH.Sb/h6*1H;/q;;;;;;+5/p-5
|   StdInChIKey_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|  StdInChIKey  =  MBAKFIZHTUAVJN-UHFFFAOYSA-I
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = HSbF<sub>6</sub>
|   MolarMass = 236.808（无水）<BR>344.85（六水）
|   Appearance = 無色液体（无水物）<BR>无色固体（六水合物）<ref>[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=CN&language=zh&productNumber=339172&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F339172%3Flang%3Dzh 氟锑酸MSDS]. SigmaAldrich</ref>
|   Density = 2.885 g/cm<sup>3</sup>（25℃，无水）
|   MeltingPt = 
|   BoilingPt = 分解
|   pKa = −25
|   pKb = 39
|   Solubility = 分解
|   Solvent = 
|   SolubleOther = 溶於[[磺酰氟氯|SO<sub>2</sub>ClF]]，[[二氧化硫|SO<sub>2</sub>]]
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| EUHazardSymbol = {{Chembox EUHazardSymbol|T|C|N}}
|   ExternalMSDS = 
|   MainHazards = 強腐蝕性，劇烈水解
|   FlashPt = 不可燃
|   RPhrases = {{R39/23/24/25}}, {{R35}}
|   SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S36/37/39}}, {{S45}}, {{S53}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}}
|   NFPA-H = 4
|   NFPA-F = 0
|   NFPA-R = 4
|   NFPA-O = W
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   Function = [[化學品]]
|   OtherAnions = [[六氟磷酸|HPF<sub>6</sub>]]、[[六氟砷酸|HAsF<sub>6</sub>]]
|   OtherCations = [[氟磷酸钠|NaPF<sub>6</sub>]]、[[氟锑酸钠|NaSbF<sub>6</sub>]]
|   OtherFunctn = [[氫氟酸|HF]]、[[五氟化銻|SbF<sub>5</sub>]]<br>[[魔酸]]
  }}
}}

'''氟銻酸'''（[[化学式]]：HSbF<sub>6</sub>）或稱'''六氟銻酸'''，是[[氫氟酸]]和[[五氟化銻]]反應後的產物。<ref name=Olah>[[乔治·安德鲁·欧拉|Olah]], G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Wang, Q.; Li, X. “Hydrogen Fluoride–Antimony(V) Fluoride” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.</ref>以一比一的比例混合时成為現在已知最強的[[超強酸]]，實驗證明能分解[[碳氫化合物]]，產生[[碳正離子]]以及[[氫氣]]。<ref>{{cite book
| title = A life of magic chemistry: autobiographical reflections of a nobel prize winner
| url = https://archive.org/details/lifemagicchemist00olah
| author = George Andrew Olah
| publisher = John Wiley and Sons
| year = 2001
| isbn = 0471157430
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/lifemagicchemist00olah/page/100 100]–101
}}</ref>

氫氟酸（HF）和五氟化銻（SbF<sub>5</sub>）反应强烈放熱。HF會釋放質子H<sup>+</sup>，然後[[氟离子]]F<sup>−</sup>會與SbF<sub>5</sub>形成[[八面體]]型的SbF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>阴离子。SbF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>是[[非配位阴离子]]，[[親核性]]和[[鹼|鹼性]]都很弱。於是[[質子]]實際上是「裸露」在溶液中，使得混合物体系呈現極強的酸性，比純[[硫酸]]要強2×10<sup>19</sup>倍。
:[[File:Reaction of HF with SbF5.png|thumb|氫氟酸和五氟化銻的反應方程式]]

== 結構 ==
用[[X射线晶体学]]研究两份<chem>HF - SbF5</chem>反应形成的结晶，发现化学式分别为<chem>[H2F+][{Sb2F11}^{-}]</chem>和<chem>[{H3F2}^{+}][{Sb2F11}^{-}]</chem>，都含有Sb<sub>2</sub>F<sub>11</sub><sup>−</sup>作阴离子。<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mootz, D.; Bartmann, K. | title = The Fluoronium Ions H<sub>2</sub>F<sup>+</sup> and H<sub>3</sub>F<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>: Characterization by Crystal Structure Analysis | journal = [[应用化学 (期刊)|Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English]] | year = 1988 | volume = 27 |  pages = 391-392 | doi = 10.1002/anie.198803911}}</ref>据估计，Sb<sub>2</sub>F<sub>11</sub><sup>−</sup>离子的[[碱性]]比SbF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>还要弱，因此更加稳定。

=== 與其他酸的對照 ===
以下的資料是以[[哈米特酸度函数]]作為依據，酸度以大負數H<sub>0</sub>值表示：
* 氟銻酸 (1990) (H<sub>0</sub>值 = −31.3)
* [[魔酸]] (1974) (H<sub>0</sub>值 = −19.2)
* [[碳硼烷酸]] (1969) (H<sub>0</sub>值 = −18.0)
* [[氟磺酸]] (1944) (H<sub>0</sub>值 = −15.1)
* [[三氟甲磺酸]] (1940) (H<sub>0</sub>值 = −14.9)

== 反应==
氟锑酸加热到40&nbsp;°C下分解，生成氟化氢气体和五氟化锑液体。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oelderik|first1=Jan|date=December 1966|title=Werkwijze ter bereiding van halogeenverbindingen van vijfwaardig antimoon|journal=[[Netherlands Patent Application]]|volume=NL 6508096 A}}</ref>

== 應用 ==
{{main|超強酸#應用}}
氟锑酸使其几乎可以[[质子化]]所有的[[有机化合物]]。它与[[异丁烷]]和[[新戊烷]]反应会生成相应的[[碳正离子]]：<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bickel, A. F.; Gaasbeek, C. J.; Hogeveen, H.; Oelderik, J. M.; Platteeuw, J. C. | title = Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions: reversible reaction between aliphatic carbonium ions and hydrogen | journal = [[Chemical Communications]] | year = 1967 | volume = 1967 | pages = 634–5 | doi = 10.1039/C19670000634}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hogeveen, H.; Bickel, A. F. | title = Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions: electrophilic substitution at alkane-carbon by protons | journal = [[Chemical Communications]] | year = 1967 | volume = 1967 | pages = 635–6 | doi = 10.1039/C19670000635}}</ref>
:<chem>(CH3)3CH + H+ -> (CH3)3C+ + H2</chem>
:<chem>(CH3)4C + H+ -> (CH3)3C+ + CH4</chem>

== 危險性 ==
氟銻酸會與水起強烈甚至爆炸性的反應，而且它会與目前已知几乎所有的溶剂发生反應。<ref name=Olah/>能溶解氟銻酸的[[溶劑]]有[[磺酰氟氯]]（SO<sub>2</sub>ClF）、液态[[二氧化硫]]及[[氟氯烃]]。盛<chem>HF - SbF5</chem>的容器可用[[聚四氟乙烯|特氟龍]]製造。

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

== 參見 ==
* 影片：[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16ukOSry81s 氟锑酸 vs iPhone7] {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16ukOSry81s |date=20201226102534 }}{{en}}. Game Freak from Youtube
{{无机酸}}
{{六氟锑酸盐}}

[[Category:六氟锑酸盐|*]]
[[Category:氟配合物]]
[[Category:锑化合物]]
[[Category:超强酸]]
[[Category:无机酸]]
[[Category:路易斯酸]]