查看“︁擁車證”︁的源代码

'''擁車證'''（{{lang-en|Certificate of Entitlement, COE}}），是新加坡政府透過車輛牌照配額許可證的發行，授予成功中標的持有人進行登記，擁有與使用新加坡道路，為期10年的合法權利。需求高時，COE的成本可能超過汽車本身的價值<ref>{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de.html |title=Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city |publisher=FT.com |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=7 July 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205230758/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 起源 ==
起源於新加坡於1990年為了治理城市交通擁堵採取的一種措施。新加坡約有80萬輛汽車，其中約50萬輛為小汽車。

== 系統 ==
在購買新的車輛之前，在新加坡，潛在的車主都必需要向[[陸路交通管理局]]（LTA）先申辦擁車證(Certificate of Entitlement)。

=== 車輛配額系統 (VQS) ===

==== 公式 ====


: <math>\begin{align} (\text{Total COE Quota})_{qy} = &g.(\text{Motor vehicle population})_{y-1}  \\ &+ (\text{Projected de-registrations})_{y} \\&+ (\text{Unallocated quota})_{qy-1} \end{align}</math>

=== 合法性 ===

=== 拍賣流程 ===


=== 2013年对于拥车证标准的重新定义 ===

在2013年9月, 拥车证系统重新定义了A类车辆的标准. 这一变化发生后,A类车辆的引擎功率不得超过97千瓦. 这大约相当于130马力。 这是对A类汽车发动机容量不超过1600立方厘米的先前标准的补充。但是, 尽管发动机容量低于1600立方厘米，但从2014年2月开始，发动机输出功率超过97kW的汽车将被归类为拥车证招标中的B类。审查拥车证类别的标准是因为[[陆路交通管理局]]希望区分和规范A类标准下的代步车和高档汽车的购买，以将拥车证价格控制在越来越接近100,000新加坡元的水平。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html |title=COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars |accessdate=2014-12-10 |archive-date=2013-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119064854/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

=== 牌照分類 ===
最初，牌照准證(COEs)分成八大類，但該系統現已被簡化為僅僅五個類別。A組、B組、與D組 是不可轉讓的。出租车在2012年以前被归为A类，但之后不再受到管制。<ref>{{cite news|title=Taxis out of COE bidding process from August|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html|accessdate=27 February 2013|newspaper=Channel News Asia|date=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829121430/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 

Prior to May 1999
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Vehicle Class
|-
| Cat 1
| Cars 1000cc & below
|-
| Cat 2
| Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis
|-
| Cat 3
| Cars 1601-2000cc
|-
| Cat 4
| Cars above 2000cc
|-
| Cat 5
| Goods Vehicles & Buses
|-
| Cat 6
| Motorcycles
|-
| Cat 7
| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle)
|}

Current Categories
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Vehicle Class
|-
| Cat A
| Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW)
|-
| Cat B
| Cars 1600cc & above, or the engine power output exceeds 97kW
|-
| Cat C
| Goods Vehicles & Buses
|-
| Cat D
| Motorcycles
|-
| Cat E
| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle)
|}

==歷史紀錄==

=== 配額溢價 ===
March 2009 2nd Open Bidding
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Current Quota Premium
! Previous Quota Premium
! {{increase}}/{{decrease}}
! Difference
|-
| A (1600cc and below), taxi
| [[Singapore Dollar|S$]]5,116
| S$4,890
| {{increase}}
| S$226
|-
| B (1601cc and above)
| S$5,001
| S$5,101
| {{decrease}}
| S$100
|-
| C (Goods Vehicle and Bus)
| S$5,600
| S$5,300
| {{increase}}
| S$300
|-
| D (Motorcycles)
| S$912
| S$958
| {{decrease}}
| S$46
|-
| E (Open)
| S$5,982
| S$5,700
| {{increase}}
| S$282
|}

April 2010 1st Open Bidding
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Current Quota Premium
! Previous Quota Premium
! {{increase}}/{{decrease}}
! Difference
|-
| A (1600cc and below), taxi
| S$34,001
| S$28,389
| {{increase}}
| S$5,612
|-
| B (1601cc and above)
| S$45,501
| S$36,089
| {{increase}}
| S$9,412
|-
|| E (Open)
| S$49,000
| S$42,001
| {{increase}}
| S$6,999
|}

December 2011 1st Open Bidding<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Motoring/Story/STIStory_747365.html
| title=Certificate of Entitlement premiums fall for all categories
| date=21 December 2011
| publisher=Straits Times: Motoring, A Singapore Press Holdings Website
| author=Royston Sim
| accessdate=2014-12-10
| archive-date=2012-03-06
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306095307/http://www.straitstimes.com/Motoring/Story/STIStory_747365.html
| dead-url=no
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Current Quota Premium
! Previous Quota Premium
! {{increase}}/{{decrease}}
! Difference
|-
| A (1600cc and below), taxi
| S$50,001
| S$52,357
| {{decrease}}
| S$2,356
|-
| B (1601cc and above)
| S$70,003
| S$72,317
| {{decrease}}
| S$2,314
|-
|| E (Open)
| S$71,000
| S$74,345
| {{decrease}}
| S$3,345
|}

2013 results: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141213210336/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/FactsandFigures/COE_Result_2010_2013.pdf]

===車輛的增長速度===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Period
! [[Percentage|%]]
! Remark
|-
| May 1990 to May 2009
| 3.0
| 3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum
|-
| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010
| rowspan="2"|1.5
| Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE
|-
| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012
| 1.5%  as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July
|-
| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013
| 1.0
| Taxi are moved to Cat E
|-
| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014
| rowspan="2"|0.5
| Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015
|-
| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015
| Change to recent quarterly deregistrations
|-
| Feb 2015 onwards
| 0.25
| Reduced to 0.25%
|}
从2010年4月起，对COE配额计算进行了修改。 在新方法下，[[陆路运输管理局]]（LTA）将最近六个月的实际车辆注销登记中的拥车证配额回收回系统中。数字将每六个月修订一次，而不是年度配额。 例如，截至一月，有80万辆汽车。 根据1.5％的允许增长率，将每六个月出售另外6000个拥车证指标。加上同期注销的车辆数量（例如20,000），这意味着7月至12月的拥车证配额为26,000。

2011年10月上旬，新加坡运输部长[[吕德耀]]（Lui Tuck Yew）表示，新加坡的年度汽车增长峰值将从2012年起进一步下降。 年度汽车人口增长率将从目前的1.5％降低到2012年的1.0％，然后在2013年和2014年降低到0.5％，然后在2015年降低到0.25％。

较低的车辆增长率将与未来道路的增长速度更加紧密地吻合。 然而，2012年5月，[[吕德耀]]（Lui Tuck Yew）话锋一转，并表示可能增加拥车证指标，配额削减汽车增长的计划将被推迟。

===COE範圍===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Previous Category
! colspan="2"|Highest
! colspan="2"|Lowest<sup>1</sup>
! Current Category
! colspan="2"|Highest
! colspan="2"|Lowest
! rowspan="2" width="30%"|Remarks
|-
! May 1990 – Apr 1999
| SGD
| Period
| SGD
| Period
! From May 1999
| SGD
| Period
| SGD
| Period
|-
| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below)
| 41,008
| Jul 1997
| 210
| Feb 1991
! rowspan="2"| Cat A<sup>3</sup>
| rowspan="2"| 92,100
| rowspan="2"| Jan 2013
| rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2"| Nov 2008<sup>a</sup>
| rowspan="4"| a. Major historical plunge partly due to [[2008 financial crisis]] and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09<br>b. Major historical plunge partly due to [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]
|-
| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi
| 62,208
| Jul 1997
| 909
| Mar 1991
|-
| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc)
| 83,500
| Dec 1994
| 50
| Jan 1998<sup>b</sup>
! rowspan="2"| Cat B
| rowspan="2"| 96,210
| rowspan="2"| Jan 2013
| rowspan="2"| 200
| rowspan="2"| Jan 2009<sup>a</sup>
|-
| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above)
| 110,500
| Dec 1994
| 800
| Apr 1991
|-
| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus)
| 39,000
| Dec 1994
| 1
| Apr 1991
! Cat C
| 63,035
| Dec 2012
| 1
| Dec 2006–<br>Mar 2007<sup>c</sup>
| c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006
|-
| Cat 6 (Motorcycle)
| 3,506
| Aug 1997
| 1
| Jan 1994,<br>Feb 1994<sup>d</sup>
! Cat D
| 2,704
| Jan 2014
| 1
| Nov 2002–<br>Mar 2003<sup>d</sup>
| d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders
|-
| Cat 7 (Open)
| 95,986
| Dec 1994
| 998
| Mar 1991
! Cat E
| 97,889
| Jan 2013
| 3,200
| Jan 2009
| –
|-
| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)<sup>2</sup>
| 45,300
| Sep 1994
| 1,110
| Oct 1991
! OPC
| colspan="4"| 
| COE rebate up to $17,000
|-
|colspan="11"|<small>
1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991<br>
2. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate<br>
3. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012</small>
|}

===車輛平均定價===
買車的時候詳細的成本結構可以在這個網站上找到。[http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/lta_information_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/car_cost.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/lta_information_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/car_cost.html |date=20141210143217 }}<br>
All prices are in [[Singapore dollar]]s dated March 2012
*[[Compact car|Compact]] : S$71,999 – S$89,500
*[[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] : S$81,999 – S$149,000
*[[Full-size car|Full-size sedan]] : > S$150,000

==在流行文化==

==參考==
<references/>

==外部連結==
{{Library resources box
 |onlinebooks=no
 |by=no
}}
*[http://www.lta.gov.sg Land Transport Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lta.gov.sg/ |date=20141002121526 }}
*[http://www.onemotoring.com.sg Informatic web on motoring in Singapore] {{Wayback|url=http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/ |date=20090106121432 }}
*[http://www.oneshift.com/pdb/lcoe.php COE Prices] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oneshift.com/pdb/lcoe.php |date=20100929200043 }}
*[http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/coe-prices-over-years Interactive COE Prices TODAYOnline] {{Wayback|url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/coe-prices-over-years |date=20141207203617 }}

[[Category:新加坡稅收]]
[[Category:新加坡政府政策]]
[[Category:新加坡公路運輸]]
[[Category:永續交通系統]]