查看“︁撞击盆地”︁的源代码

{{not|撞击坑}}
[[image:Mare Orientale (LRO).png|thumb|right|230px|[[东方海]]盆地（[[月海]]自身是中间暗黑区），它是一座最典型的多环撞击盆地，也是月球上最年轻<ref name=Schultz_1990/>，保存最好的盆地。图像宽度1300公里。]]
[[image:Mare Orientale (GLD100).jpg|thumb|right|230px|同一区域高程图(红色-山丘，蓝色-低地)]]

'''撞击盆地'''（Impact basin）或'''撞击池'''（Impact pool）是一种大型[[撞击坑]]，通常被称作复杂结构陨石坑（拥有双重或多重环形山脊或[[壁架]]）<ref name=Potter_2014/>，其特征是直径一般都在150-200公里以上<ref name=Wagner_2011/><ref name=Hartmann_1981/>。该术词在不同文章中其含义并不完全相同，特别用来指圈数不详且已严重损毁的大撞击坑<ref name=Potter_2014/><ref name=Wagner_2011/>，有时将所有直径超过300公里的撞击坑都称为盆地<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

所有已知的盆地都很古老：它们一般出现在所在天体形成后的最初8亿年中<ref name=Wagner_2011/>（绝大部分形成于大约40亿年前的[[后期重轰炸期]]中）<ref name=Potter_2014/>，因此，许多盆地都已严重损毁。它们几乎都没有特定的地貌外观，在照片中也无法看到，只有通过精确的[[高度计|测高]]数据才能检测到它们的存在，有时，甚至要涉及到引力数据。不管，目前许多盆地仍为假想<ref name=Frey_2008_Mars/><ref name=Frey_2008_lunar/><ref name=Frey_2009/><ref name=Fassett_2012/>。

“盆地”一词<ref name=Hartmann_1962/>是在1962年由冯·哈特曼（V.Hartmann）和[[杰拉德·柯伊伯]]提出的。针对[[月球]]上，其内部坐落了环绕着同心环和径向[[断层]][[月海]]的大型撞击结构（相对于只有一圈环和没有辐射状地貌的狭义撞击坑）<ref name=Potter_2014/><ref name=Hartmann_1981/><ref name=Wilhelms_1987_4/>。

虽然通过小型望远镜可看到月球上多座多环结构盆地，但在20世纪中叶，它们并未受到足够的重视<ref name=Hartmann_1981/>。目前对撞击盆地的研究不仅通过观察，而且还通过建模来进行探究。但尽管如此，有关盆地的构造仍存有很多不清楚的地方<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

==描述==
大撞击坑的结构比小型的更复杂，大多数直径超过几十公里[[月球陨石坑]]都有一座中央峰<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh/>，而直径达到140-175公里的，则会转变为一圈环形中央山脉<ref name=Hartmann_1981/>。在[[引力]]更大的天体上，发生这种改变的陨坑直径则会更小<ref name=Hartmann_1981/>。外圈环可能由山脊或陡崖构成，其高度向中心递减。大型盆地可能有多重环，其表现程度往往变化很大，这导致难以确定其实际数目，所以，对[[阿尔及尔平原]]盆地环数的说法有0-8重之多<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

盆地一般有一圈与周边地表上[[撞击事件|撞击]]时所抛出岩石相隔开的主环<ref name=Wagner_2011/>。主环的周长半径比通常接近<math>\sqrt{2}</math>（约为1.4）<ref name=Potter_2014/>。一些更大的盆地外形常常有所延伸，这种大小的陨石坑因撞击方向与地平线间存在明显的角度而被显著拉长<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>。

由于盆地形成时大量岩石被抛出，使得坑底中部地层厚度减小，而周边地区厚度增加。盆地的外环通常由所抛出的岩石构成，但有数据显示，也有可能是地幔。随着盆地的产生，大量的岩石被熔化<ref name=Potter_2014/>。根据计算，其底部的熔岩层厚度可能达数公里厚<ref name=Ernst_2015/>。

盆地深度取决于撞击体外壳岩石的强度，如果强度较低，地貌形状最终会被抹平；这一点在[[冰卫星]]上最为明显。在那里，古老的陨坑看不出凹凸的地貌，而只能观察到一块亮斑([[變餘結構 (行星天文學)|变余结构]])<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

年轻盆地形成时散发回落的喷出物所构成的地貌有山脊、月谷和[[次级撞击坑|次生坑]][[链坑]]<ref name=Head_1976/>。

==分布==
[[image:Valhalla crater on Callisto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[木卫四]]上的多环盆地-[[瓦尔哈拉撞击坑]]]]
在[[水星]]上已确认了22座盆地以及26座假设的盆地直径≥300公里，其中有二座（一座完全确定，另一座为推测）超过1000公里；它们中的一些坑底覆盖着一层可能源自[[火山活动]]的岩石（类似[[月球]]上的[[月海]]，但色泽更浅）。水星上的盆地分布密度较低，保存状况也更差<ref name=Potter_2014/><ref name=Fassett_2012/>。

[[金星]]上的撞击坑相对都较小，最大的[[米德撞击坑]]直径270公里<ref name=VCD_diameter/><ref name=gazetteer_Venus_craters/>，金星上的数座较大撞击坑都被认为是盆地<ref name=Potter_2014/><ref name=Herrick_1996/>。

[[地球]]上的陨石坑受[[侵蚀作用|侵蚀]]及[[板块构造论|板块运动]]的作用而大多早已消失，残留的陨坑极少。现剩最大的有
[[弗里德堡陨石坑]]（250-300公里）、[[索德柏立盆地]]（140-280公里）和[[希克苏鲁伯陨石坑]]（180-210公里）<ref name=Potter_2014/>，其中第一个保存有完好的多环结构。

在[[月球]]上，很多陨坑的直径都超过了300公里，1987年根据所拍摄的照片，发现了该类大小的陨石坑共45座（28座完全存在、17座为推测）<ref name=Wilhelms_1987_4/>；2008年根据高程数据分析，这类月坑数增至92座<ref name=Frey_2008_lunar/>；2009年依据测高和引力测量值所掌握的月壳厚度数据，估计月球上此类陨坑约有150座<ref name=Frey_2009/>，很可能，随着更深一步的研究还会发现更多<ref name=Frey_2009/>。因此，月球上超过三分之二的盆地都已消失<ref name=Frey_2009/>，而且永不会出现在照片中。在[[月球正面]]，大部分的盆地内都覆盖有[[熔岩]]，但[[月球背面]]的则没有或只覆盖了很少的熔岩。在那里，它们被另称为[[塔拉绍德]]地貌（海状）<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

在[[火星]]上已发现了20座直径1000公里以上的盆地（但绝大部分已严重损毁）<ref name=Frey_2008_Mars/>。

不只石质行星上发现了盆地，而且在冰天体上也有发现，如[[木卫三]]上的吉尔伽美什撞击坑、[[木卫四]]上的[[瓦尔哈拉撞击坑]]和[[土卫六]]上的门尔瓦撞击坑<ref name=Potter_2014/>。

==太阳系中最大的撞击坑==
以下列出了太阳中直径大于1000公里，已确定为撞击结构且尚未受严重破坏的盆地。列出对象及尺寸由安德鲁斯·汉娜和朱伯提供，（多环盆地的大小是按界限最明确的最小环测定），盆地还有一些其它方面的测量值，但由于它们大多保存状况较差，没有明确的界限，但对于保存较好的，不同的作者选择了不一样的环来测定盆地直径。

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! 名称
! 天体
! 大小<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>
! class="unsortable" | 备注<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>
|-
|[[北极盆地]]
|[[火星]]
|10600×8500公里
|已被火山活动和后续的撞击严重侵蚀
|-
|[[乌托邦平原|乌托邦盆地]]
|[[火星]]
|2400×2000 公里<br/>（可能为内环）<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>;<br/>3300公里（当前）<ref name=McGill_1989/>
|里面充满大量的火山和沉积岩
|-
|[[希腊平原|希腊盆地]]
|[[火星]]
|2280×1590 公里
|可能是保存最好的巨型盆地
|-
|[[南极-艾托肯盆地]]
|[[月球]]
|2330×1780 公里
|
|- 
|[[伊希地平原|希腊盆地]]
|[[火星]]
|1570×1430 公里
|
|-
|[[卡洛里盆地]]
|[[水星]]
|1525×1315 公里<ref name=Fassett_2009/>
|显示尺寸所取得的方法与其它对象稍有不同 
|-
|[[雨海]]盆地
|[[月球]]
|1140×1090 公里
|
|}
目前存在很多有关水星、月球、火星上大型盆地的假说<ref name=Fassett_2012/><ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>，尤其是有关月球正面和背面的不同是由于正面曾发生过一次巨大撞击的假设，根据某些说法，该撞击坑的直径约有3000公里<ref name=Byrne_2007/>，而另一面达到7000公里（超过月球子午线长度的四分之一）<ref name=Byrne_2011/>。如果该结构确实来源于撞击（存在大量疑点<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>），那么，它也将是太阳系中最大的盆地<ref name=Byrne_2007/><ref name=Byrne_2011/><ref name=Byrne_2008/>。

还有另一个有关稍小盆地的假说，它覆盖了月球正面大半个西部（[[风暴洋]]盆地或[[巨人传|巨型]]大盆地），与前一种情况一样，这种说法也存在问题<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>。

对火星地壳厚度的研究表明，火星表面分布有20个直径大于1000公里的盆地，但它们（除上面列出的外）都已破坏的非常严重<ref name=Frey_2008_Mars/>。

火星平原盆地-[[阿尔及尔平原]]直径超过1500公里<ref name=Hiesinger_2002/>，如果你直接测量该盆地，则可能会得到另一盆地测量值（里面的内环直径），其尺寸只有870×690公里<ref name=Andrews_Hanna_2010/>。

==盆地命名==
如同其它撞击坑一样，撞击盆地通常也按照[[行星体系命名法]]规则命：水星以艺术家、金星以著名女性、月球按科学家等，[[国际天文学联合会]]只同意采用此类名称<ref name=Potter_2014/>。一些大型撞击盆地并没有自己的专用名，而是使用所包含的对象名（火星上是平原名、月球上使用[[月海]]名）。如[[卡洛里盆地|卡洛里平原]]盆地、[[雨海]]盆地等。另外，还有很多是以盆地内位于边缘附近二座相向的对象（大多为陨坑）来命名，如：[[罗蒙诺索夫环形山|罗蒙诺索夫]]-[[弗莱明环形山|弗莱明]]盆地、[[南极-艾托肯盆地]]等<ref name=Potter_2014/><ref name=Fassett_2012/><ref name=Wilhelms_1987_4/><ref name=Wood_2004/>。

<gallery mode="packed" heights=170px caption="部分撞击盆地">
The Mighty Caloris (PIA19213) cropped.png|[[水星]][[卡洛里盆地]]
Meitner (Magellan).png|[[金星]][[米德撞击坑]]
Mare Imbrium (LRO).png|[[月球]][[雨海]]盆地
Argyre (MOLA).png|[[火星]][[阿尔及尔平原]]盆地
</gallery>

==参引资料==
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 |issue  =1
 |pages  =11–14
 |bibcode=1996Geo....24...11H
 |doi    =10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0011:GHOTMI>2.3.CO;2
}}</ref>
<ref name=Hiesinger_2002>{{cite journal
 |author       = Hiesinger H., Head J. W.
 |title        = Topography and morphology of the Argyre Basin, Mars: implications for its geologic and hydrologic history
 |year         = 2002
 |journal      = Planetary and Space Science
 |volume       = 50
 |issue        = 10–11
 |pages        = 939–981
 |bibcode      = 2002P&SS...50..939H
 |doi          = 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00054-5
 |url          = http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/2563.pdf
 |access-date  = 2017-08-27
 |archive-date = 2021-02-04
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204190805/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/2563.pdf
 |dead-url     = no
}}</ref>
<ref name=McGill_1989>{{cite journal
 |title   =Buried topography of Utopia, Mars: Persistence of a giant impact depression
 |author  =McGill, G. E.
 |journal =Journal of Geophysical Research
 |date    =1989
 |volume  =94
 |issue   =B3
 |pages   =2753-2759
 |doi     =10.1029/JB094iB03p02753
 |bibcode =1989JGR....94.2753M
}}</ref>
<ref name=Potter_2014>{{cite book
 |title        = Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
 |article      = Impact Basin
 |author       = Potter R., Hargitai H., Öhman T.
 |publisher    = Springer New York
 |date         = 2014
 |pages        = 1–11
 |isbn         = 978-1-4614-9213-9
 |doi          = 10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_15-2
 |url          = http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9
 |chapterurl   = http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_15-2
 |access-date  = 2017-08-27
 |archive-date = 2015-01-01
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20150101214610/http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9
 |dead-url     = yes
}}</ref>
<ref name=Schultz_1990>{{cite journal
 |author =Schultz, R. A.; Frey, H. V.
 |title  =A new survey of multiring impact basins on Mars
 |date   =August 1990
 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research
 |volume =95
 |issue  =B9
 |pages  =14175–14189
 |doi    =10.1029/JB095iB09p14175
 |bibcode=1990JGR....9514175S
}}</ref>
<ref name=VCD_diameter>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vcdiam
 |title       = Venus Craters by Descending Diameter
 |publisher   = Lunar and Planetary Institute
 |work        = Venus Crater Database
 |date        = 2013
 |accessdate  = 2014-08-01
 |deadurl     = no
 |archiveurl  = https://archive.today/20131111183614/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vcdiam/
 |archivedate = 2013-11-11
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wagner_2011>{{cite book
 |title        = Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
 |article      = Impact Basin
 |author       = Wagner R.
 |publisher    = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
 |date         = 2011
 |pages        = 807
 |isbn         = 978-3-642-11274-4
 |doi          = 10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_778
 |url          = http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4
 |chapterurl   = http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_778
 |access-date  = 2017-08-27
 |archive-date = 2017-08-27
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827125715/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4
 |dead-url     = yes
}} ([http://books.google.com/books?id=oEq1y9GIcr0C&pg=PA807&dq=basin a link on Google Books])</ref>
<ref name=Wilhelms_1987_4>{{cite book
 |article     = Chapter 4. Basin materials&nbsp;— Orientale
 |chapterurl  = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/ghm_04txt.pdf
 |title       = Geologic History of the Moon
 |url         = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM
 |author      = Wilhelms D.
 |date        = 1987
 |series      = United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348
 |pages       = 57, 64–65
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514114936/http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/ghm_04txt.pdf
 |archivedate = 2013-05-14
 |deadurl     = yes
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh>{{cite journal
 |author       = Wood C. A., Anderson L.
 |title        = New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters
 |journal      = Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13-17, 1978
 |pages        = 3669–3689
 |year         = 1978
 |bibcode      = 1978LPSC....9.3669W
 |url          = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf
 |access-date  = 2021-12-19
 |archive-date = 2017-10-10
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010031635/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
 |dead-url     = no
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wood_2004>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.lpod.org/cwm/DataStuff/Lunar%20Basins.htm
 |title       = Impact Basin Database
 |author      = Wood C. A.
 |publisher   = lpod.org
 |date        = 2004-08-14
 |accessdate  = 2015-02-10
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140807080738/http://www.lpod.org/cwm/DataStuff/Lunar%20Basins.htm
 |archivedate = 2014-08-07
 |deadurl     = yes
}}
</ref>
}}

==外部链接 ==
* {{cite journal
 |author=Fassett, C. I.; Head, J. W.; Baker, D. M. H. et al.
 |date=April 2012
 |title=Large impact basins on Mercury: Global distribution, characteristics, and modification history from MESSENGER orbital data
 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research
 |volume=117
 |doi=10.1029/2012JE004154
 |bibcode=2012JGRE..117.0L08F
 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JE004154/epdf
 |access-date=2017-08-27
 |archive-date=2017-08-27
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827122621/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JE004154/epdf
 |dead-url=no
 }}&nbsp;— Review and catalog of the impressive basins of Mercury
* {{cite web
 |url         = http://www.lpod.org/cwm/DataStuff/Lunar%20Basins.htm
 |title       = Impact Basin Database
 |author      = Wood C. A.
 |publisher   = lpod.org
 |date        = 2004-08-14
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140807080738/http://www.lpod.org/cwm/DataStuff/Lunar%20Basins.htm
 |archivedate = 2014-08-07
 |deadurl     = yes
 |access-date = 2017-08-27
}}&nbsp;— Catalog of the influential basins of the moon

==延伸阅读==
* {{cite book
 |title        = Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
 |article      = Impact Basin
 |author       = Potter R., Hargitai H., Öhman T.
 |publisher    = Springer New York
 |date         = 2014
 |pages        = 1–11
 |isbn         = 978-1-4614-9213-9
 |doi          = 10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_15-2
 |url          = http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9
 |chapterurl   = http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_15-2
 |access-date  = 2017-08-27
 |archive-date = 2015-01-01
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20150101214610/http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9
 |dead-url     = yes
}}

[[Category:撞击盆地]]