查看“︁微型黑洞”︁的源代码

'''微型黑洞'''，又稱作'''量子黑洞'''（quantum mechanical black holes）或者'''迷你黑洞'''，是很小的[[黑洞]]。被稱作量子力學黑洞是因為在這個尺度之下，[[量子力學]]的效應扮演了非常重要的角色。<ref name="carr">B.J. Carr and S.B. Giddings, "Quantum black holes,"[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-black-holes Scientific American 292N5 (2005) 30.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-black-holes |date=20200612195230 }}</ref>

有可能這些量子層級的[[原生黑洞]]是在早期的宇宙（或者[[大爆炸]]時期）裡面高密度的環境，或者是在隨後的相變裡面被產生出來。透過因[[霍金輻射]]效應所預計散射出的粒子，在不遠的未來，說不定天文物理學家可以觀測到這些黑洞。

有些涉及到多次元的理論，預測存在一些微型黑洞的質量可以小到[[電子伏特]]的範圍，這種程度的能量可以在像是LHC（[[大型強子對撞機]]，Large Hadron Collider）這種粒子對撞機裡面產生出來。因此有一些大眾擔心這會導致世界末日（參見[[高能粒子对撞实验的安全性|大型强子对撞机粒子对撞实验的安全性]]）。然而，這種量子黑洞會很快的[[黑洞#蒸發|蒸發]]（evaporate）掉，僅僅留下很小的交互作用或者全部消失。而且除了這些理論之外，我們注意到射向地球的[[宇宙線|宇宙射線]]並沒有對地球產生任何傷害，即使這些宇宙線的[[質心]]帶有的能量也高達了數百[[電子伏特|TeV]] 。

==黑洞的最小質量==

原則上，黑洞的質量可以是高過[[普朗克質量]]的任何質量。

要製造一個黑洞，我們必須要集中質量或能量到逃脫速率超過光速的程度。這個狀況給出了[[史瓦西半徑]]公式，<math>R = 2GM/c^2</math>，這裡''G''是牛頓常數，''c''是光速，''M''是黑洞的質量。另外，[[康普頓波長]]（<math>\scriptstyle{\lambda \; = \; \hbar/Mc} </math>，這裡<math>\scriptstyle{\hbar}</math>是[[普朗克常数]]）代表了質量''M''在靜止時可以被定位的最小範圍。對足夠小的''M''，縮小後的康普頓波長超過了史瓦西半徑的一半，而這樣則無法存在有關此黑洞的描述（因為無法被定位）。因此可以推斷出，最小的黑洞質量大約是[[普朗克質量]]。

一些現在物理的延伸斷定了更高維度空間的存在。在更高維度的時空，重力的強度在距離縮短時，增加的幅度會比起三維空間要高。在某些特定處理多維的理論下，這個效應會將普朗克尺度降低到TeV左右的範圍。這類物理延伸理論的範例包含了[[大額外維度]]，[[藍道爾–桑壯模型]]（Randall-Sundrum）內的特例，以及[[弦理論]]的一些處理像是GKP解法。在這些假說之下，微型黑洞的產生有可能是在[[大型強子對撞機]]內就可以觀測到的重要現象。<ref name="carr"/><ref name="giddings">{{Cite journal |first=S. B. |last=Giddings |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=S. D. |last2=Thomas |year=2002 |title=High-energy colliders as black hole factories: The End of short distance physics |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=056010 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010 |id= |arxiv=hep-ph/0106219|bibcode = 2002PhRvD..65e6010G }}</ref><ref name="dimopoulos">{{Cite journal |last=Dimopoulos |first=S. |last2=Landsberg |first2=G. L. |year=2001 |title=Black Holes at the Large Hadron Collider |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |pmid=11690198 |volume=87 |issue=16 |pages=161602 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.161602|id= |arxiv=hep-ph/0106295 |bibcode=2001PhRvL..87p1602D}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/11/science/physicists-strive-to-build-a-black-hole.html |title=Physicists Strive to Build A Black Hole |newspaper=The New York Times |first=George |last=Johnson |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=2010-05-12 |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420023748/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/11/science/physicists-strive-to-build-a-black-hole.html }}</ref><ref name="courier">{{cite web |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29199 |work=CERN courier |title=The case for mini black holes |date=Nov 2004 |access-date=2011-07-21 |archive-date=2011-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115337/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29199 |dead-url=no }}</ref>並且也很可能會是[[宇宙射線]]就常常引發的一種自然現象。

==參考資料==
{{refList}}

==參考文獻==
{{refbegin|2}}
* D. Page, [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v13/i2/p198_1 Phys. Rev. D13 (1976) 198] : first detailed studies of the evaporation mechanism
* B.J. Carr & S.W. Hawking, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNRAS.168..399C  Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc 168 (1974) 399] {{Wayback|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNRAS.168..399C |date=20160613034655 }} : links between primordial black holes and the early universe
* A. Barrau et al., [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112486 Astron. Astrophys. 388 (2002) 676] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112486 |date=20151105184710 }} , [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207395 Astron. Astrophys. 398 (2003) 403] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207395 |date=20151105184710 }} , [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505436 Astrophys. J. 630 (2005) 1015] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505436 |date=20161221031923 }} : experimental searches for primordial black holes thanks to the emitted antimatter
* A. Barrau & G. Boudoul, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212225 Review talk given at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics TH2002] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212225 |date=20200801142605 }} : cosmology with primordial black holes
* A. Barrau & J. Grain, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0311238 Phys. Lett. B 584 (2004) 114] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0311238 |date=20161221085950 }} : searches for new physics (quantum gravity) with primordial black holes
* P. Kanti, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0402168 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19 (2004) 4899] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0402168 |date=20200801140339 }} : evaporating black holes and extra-dimensions
* D. Ida, K.-y. Oda & S.C.Park, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0602188] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0602188 |date=20220121232252 }}: determination of black hole's life and extra-dimensions
* Sabine Hossenfelder: ''What Black Holes Can Teach Us'', [http://www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0412265 hep-ph/0412265] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0412265 |date=20211120144746 }}
* L. Modesto, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0407097 PhysRevD.70.124009 ] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0407097 |date=20220122152129 }}: Disappearance of Black Hole Singularity in Quantum Gravity
* P. Nicolini, A. Smailacic, E. Spallucci, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0510112 j.physletb.2005.11.004] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0510112 |date=20220615040842 }}: Noncommutative geometry inspired Schwarzschild black hole
* A. Bonanno, M. Reuter, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0602159 PhysRevD.73.083005] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0602159 |date=20220310102011 }}: Spacetime Structure of an Evaporating Black Hole in Quantum Gravity
{{refend}}

==外部链接==
* {{Britannica|383975|Mini black hole (physics)}}
* ''[https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes] {{Wayback|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |date=20220322111251 }}''
* [https://www.space.com/2535-mini-black-holes-reveal-5th-dimension.html Mini Black Holes Might Reveal 5th Dimension] {{Wayback|url=https://www.space.com/2535-mini-black-holes-reveal-5th-dimension.html |date=20210828030120 }} – Ker Than. Space.com June 26, 2006 10:42am ET
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100314064756/http://www.ostina.org/content/view/3547/1077 Doomsday Machine Large Hadron Collider?] – A scientific essay about energies, dimensions, black holes, and the associated public attention to CERN, by Norbert Frischauf (also available as Podcast) 

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