查看“︁天文常數”︁的源代码

'''天文常數'''是在[[天文學]]中使用的[[物理常數]]。正式的常數組，以及推薦的數值，[[國際天文學聯合會]]已經數度定義：在1964年<ref name="IAU1964">Resolution No.4 of the [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1964_French.pdf XIIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1964_French.pdf |date=20130430064013 }}, Hamburg, 1964.</ref>和1976年<ref name="IAU76">Resolution No. 1 on the recommendations of Commission 4 on ephemerides in the [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1976_French.pdf XVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1976_French.pdf |date=20190502234359 }}, Grenoble, 1976.</ref>（在1994年更新<ref name="IAU94">{{citation | author = Standish, E. M. | contribution = Report of the IAU WGAS Sub-group on Numerical Standards | url = http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/iausgnsrpt.pdf | title = Highlights of Astronomy | editor = Appenzeller, I. | location = Dordrecht | publisher = Kluwer | date = 1995 | accessdate = 2016-08-05 | archive-date = 2012-09-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120907165000/http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/iausgnsrpt.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>）。在2009年，國際天文學聯合會通過目前最新的設置，並認識到新的觀測和技術會不斷的提供這些常數更好的數值。他們決定
<ref name="IAU2009">Resolution B2 of the [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2009_English.pdf XXVIIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2009_English.pdf |date=20161227223628 }}, Rio de Janeiro, 2009.</ref>不再固定這些數值，但是有數值標準工作組不斷維護一組當前最佳的估計數<ref name="IAUWG">IAU Division I Working Group on Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy and Astronomical Constants: Current Best Estimates (CBEs) [http://maia.usno.navy.mil/NSFA/NSFA_cbe.html] {{Wayback|url=http://maia.usno.navy.mil/NSFA/NSFA_cbe.html |date=20160826200953 }}</ref>。
這些常數組廣泛的轉載於各種出版品上，像是[[美國海軍天文台]]和[[英國航海星曆局]]（HM Nautical Almanac Office）的''[[天文年曆]]''。

除了國際天文學聯合會的常數清單外，[[國際地球自轉服務]]也會定義和地球自轉與方向相關的常數，在其技術手冊有完整的說明<ref name=IERS2010>{{cite web |title=Table 1.1: IERS numerical standards |work=IERS technical note no. 36: General definitions and numerical standards |editor=Gérard Petit |editor2=Brian Luzum |url=ftp://tai.bipm.org/iers/conv2010/chapter1/tn36_c1.pdf |publisher=[[IERS]] |date=2010 |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528120654/http://tai.bipm.org/iers/conv2010/chapter1/tn36_c1.pdf |dead-url=no }} 
For complete document see {{cite book |title=IERS Conventions (2010): IERS technical note no. 36 |editor=Gérard Petit |editor2=Brian Luzum |isbn=978-3-89888-989-6 |url=http://www.iers.org/nn_11216/IERS/EN/Publications/TechnicalNotes/tn36.html |publisher=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service |date=2010 |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630104818/https://www.iers.org/nn_11216/IERS/EN/Publications/TechnicalNotes/tn36.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

國際天文學聯合會的常數定義天文單位上的長度、質量和時間（事實上，有好幾個這樣的系統），還包括如[[光速]]和[[萬有引力]]等常數，並允許天文的單位和[[國際單位制]]之間的轉換。根據參照[[參考系]]的不同，常數的數值也會略有差異。[[質心力學時]]（barycentric dynamical time，TDB）或[[噴射推進實驗室]]等效時間尺度的[[星曆時|''T''<sub>eph</sub>]]引用的是在很長一段時間內，在地球表面（嚴格的說是在大地表面）的觀測者所測量的平均值。國際天文學聯合會也推薦國際單位制採用觀測者以太陽系質心做參考系測量（[[靜長度]]和[[原時]]）得到的這些數值：這些數值可以下列的轉換得到<ref name="IAU94" />：

:<math>\tau_A({\rm SI}) = (1+L_{\rm B})^{\frac{1}{3}} \tau_A({\rm TDB})\,</math>
:<math>GE({\rm SI}) = (1+L_{\rm B}) GE({\rm TDB})\,</math>
:<math>GS({\rm SI}) = (1+L_{\rm B}) GS({\rm TDB})\,</math>

== 天文單位系統 ==
{{main article|天文單位系統}}
天文單位制的一天時間（''D''）是86,400秒的時間間隔；質量是以太陽的質量為一單位；長度（''A''）是地球到太陽的平均距離。使用天文單位制的長度、時間、和質量，得到的[[高斯引力常數]]（''k''），其值為{{nowrap|0.017&thinsp;202&thinsp;098&thinsp;95}}<ref name="IAU76" />。

== 天文常數表 ==
目前[[天文学]]上采用的天文常数系统，是自2010年开始采用的'''IAU2009天文常数系统'''，该系统由[[国际天文联合会]]在第27届国际天文联合会大会上通过。下表是IAU2009天文常数系统中给出的常数表：<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4|last=Luzum|first=Brian|last2=Capitaine|first2=Nicole|date=2011-08|journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy|issue=4|doi=10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4|volume=110|pages=293–304|language=en|issn=0923-2958|last3=Fienga|first3=Agnès|last4=Folkner|first4=William|last5=Fukushima|first5=Toshio|last6=Hilton|first6=James|last7=Hohenkerk|first7=Catherine|last8=Krasinsky|first8=George|last9=Petit|first9=Gérard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronomical Constants 2009|url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2009/Astronomical_Constants_2009.pdf|accessdate=2020-04-01|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=|archive-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327014818/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2009/Astronomical_Constants_2009.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! 物理量 !! 符號 !! 數值 !! 不确定性 !! 參考
|-
| colspan="5" |'''自然定义常数'''
|-
|[[光速]]|| align="center" |<math>c</math>||<math>299\,792\,458\, \text{ms}^{-1}</math>|| 定义常数 ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Fundamental Physical Constants from NIST|url=https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=physics.nist.gov|archive-date=2013-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009032049/http://physics.nist.gov/constants|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |'''辅助定义常数'''
|- 
|[[高斯引力常數]]|| align="center" |<math>k</math>||<math>1.720\,209\,895 \times 10^{-2} \, \text{A}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot \text{S}^{-\frac{1}{2}} \cdot\text{D}^{-1}</math>|| 定义常数 ||<ref name="IAU76" />
|-
|[[地球時]]（TT）与[[地心坐标时]]（TCG）的平均转换参数：
<math>L_G = 1-\text{d(TT)}/\text{d(TCG)}</math>
| align="center" |<math>L_G</math>||<math>6.969\,290\,134 \times 10^{-10}</math>|| 定义常数 ||<ref name="IAU00">Resolutions Nos. B1.5 and B1.9 of the [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2000_French.pdf XXIVth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2000_French.pdf |date=20180620031357 }}, Manchester, 2000.</ref>
|-
|[[质心力学时]]（TDB）与[[质心坐标时]]（TCB）的平均转换参数：
<math>L_B = 1-\text{d(TDB)}/\text{d(TCB)}</math>
| align="center" |<math>L_B</math>||<math>1.550\,519\,768 \times 10^{-8}</math>|| 定义常数 ||<ref name="IAU06_3">[http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2006_Resol3.pdf Resolution 3] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2006_Resol3.pdf |date=20200929042517 }} of the [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2006_French.pdf XXVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2006_French.pdf |date=20180620031439 }}, Prague, 2006.</ref>
|-
|[[质心力学时]]（TDB）与[[质心坐标时]]（TCB）于[[儒略日|JD]] 2443144.5 [[国际原子时|TAI]] 的差值：
<math>\text{TDB} - \text{TCB}</math>
| align="center" |<math>{TDB}_0</math>||<math>-6.55 \times 10^{-5} \, \text{s}</math>||定义常数
|<ref name="IAU06_3" />
|-
|于[[J2000.0]]的地球旋转角（ERA）
| align="center" |<math>\theta_0</math>||<math>0.779\,057\,273\,264\,0 \, \text{rev}</math>
|定义常数
|<ref name="IAU00" />
|-
|于[[J2000.0]]的地球旋转角（ERA）速率
| align="center" |<math>\operatorname{d}\!\theta/\operatorname{d}\!\text{UT1}</math>||<math>1.002\,737\,811\,911\,354\,48 \, \text{rev}/\text{UT1day} </math>
|定义常数
|<ref name="IAU00" />
|-
| colspan="5" |'''自然测量常数'''
|-
|[[萬有引力常數]]|| align="center" |<math>G</math>||<math>6.674\,28 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{kg}^{-1} \cdot \text{s}^{-2}</math>||<math>6.7 \times 10^{-15} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{kg}^{-1} \cdot \text{s}^{-2}</math>
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="5" |'''其它常數（导出常数）'''
|-
|[[天文单位]]|| align="center" |<math>au</math>||<math>1.495\,978\,707\,00 \times 10^{11} \, \text{m}</math>||<math>3 \, \text{m}</math>||<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|last=Pitjeva|first=E. V.|last2=Standish|first2=E. M.|date=2009-04-01|journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy|issue=4|doi=10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|volume=103|pages=365–372|language=en|issn=1572-9478}}</ref>
|-
|[[質心座標時]]（TCB）与[[地心坐标时]]（TCG）的平均转换参数：
<math>L_C = 1-\text{d(TCG)}/\text{d(TCB)}</math>
| align="center" |<math>L_C</math>||<math>1.480\,826\,867\,41 \times 10^{-8}</math>||<math>2 \times 10^{-17}</math>||<ref>{{Cite web|title=1999A&A...348..642I Page 642|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999A&A...348..642I|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=adsabs.harvard.edu|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806091419/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999A%26A...348..642I}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |'''天体常数'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 日心引力常数|| rowspan="2" align="center" |<math>GM_S</math>||<math>1.327\,124\,420\,99 \times 10^{20} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TCB)}</math>||<math>1.0 \times 10^{10} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TCB)}</math>|| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE 421|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258358428_The_Planetary_and_Lunar_Ephemeris_DE_421|last=Folkner|first=W.|last2=Williams|first2=James|date=2009-08-01|journal=Interplanetary Network Progress Report|volume=42–178|pages=1|last3=Boggs|first3=Dale}}</ref>
|-
|<math>1.327\,124\,400\,41 \times 10^{20} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TDB)}</math>||<math>1.0 \times 10^{10} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TDB)}</math>
|-
|[[地球]]的[[赤道半徑]]|| align="center" |<math>a_E</math>||<math>6.378\,136\,6 \times 10^{6} \, \text{m} \, \text{(TT)}</math>||<math>1 \times 10^{-1} \, \text{m} \, \text{(TT)}</math>||<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-000-0134-0|last=Groten|first=E.|date=2000-03-01|journal=Journal of Geodesy|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s00190-000-0134-0|volume=74|pages=134–140|language=en|issn=1432-1394}}</ref>
|-
|[[地球]]力学形状因子 || align="center" |<math>J_2</math>||<math>1.082\,635\,9 \times 10^{-3}</math>||<math>1 \times 10^{-10}</math>||<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[地球]]力学形状因子的时间变化率 || align="center" |<math>\dot{J}_2</math>||<math>-3.0 \times 10^{-9} \, \text{cy}^{-1}</math>||<math>6 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{cy}^{-1}</math>||<ref name="IAU06_3" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 地心引力常数 || rowspan="3" align="center" |''<math>GM_E</math>''||<math>3.986\,004\,418 \times 10^{14} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TCB)}</math>||<math>8 \times 10^{5} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TCB)}</math>|| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Units of relativistic time scales and associated quantities|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/units-of-relativistic-time-scales-and-associated-quantities/2AF005130227420883C31CA803323674|last=Klioner|first=S. A.|last2=Capitaine|first2=N.|date=2009/04|journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union|issue=S261|doi=10.1017/S1743921309990184|volume=5|pages=79–84|language=en|issn=1743-9221|last3=Folkner|first3=W. M.|last4=Guinot|first4=B.|last5=Huang|first5=T.-Y.|last6=Kopeikin|first6=S. M.|last7=Pitjeva|first7=E. V.|last8=Seidelmann|first8=P. K.|last9=Soffel|first9=M. H.|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2018-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611121222/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/units-of-relativistic-time-scales-and-associated-quantities/2AF005130227420883C31CA803323674|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|<math>3.986\,004\,415 \times 10^{14} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TT)}</math>||<math>8 \times 10^{5} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TT)}</math>
|-
|<math>3.986\,004\,356 \times 10^{14} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TDB)}</math>
|<math>8 \times 10^{5} \, \text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \, \text{(TDB)}</math>
|-
|[[大地水準面]]的[[重力位]]|| align="center" |<math>W_0</math>||<math>6.263\,685\,60 \times 10^{7} \, \text{m}^2 \cdot \text{s}^{-2}</math>||<math>5 \times 10^{-1} \, \text{m}^2 \cdot \text{s}^{-2}</math>||<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[地球]]的平均[[角速度]]|| align="center" |<math>\omega</math>||<math>7.292\,115 \times 10^{-5} \, \text{rad} \cdot \text{s}^{-1}</math>||无||<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[月球|月球质量]]与[[地球]]质量的比值|| align="center" |<math>M_\text{M}/M_\text{E}</math>||<math>1.230\,003\,71 \times 10^{-2}</math>||<math>4 \times 10^{-10}</math>||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| colspan="5" |'''天体质量与[[太阳质量]]的比值'''
|-
|[[水星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{Me}</math>||<math>6.023\,6 \times 10^{6}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{2}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The mass, gravity field, and ephemeris of Mercury|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103587900339|last=Anderson|first=John D.|last2=Colombo|first2=Giuseppe|date=1987-09-01|journal=Icarus|issue=3|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90033-9|volume=71|pages=337–349|language=en|issn=0019-1035|last3=Esposito|first3=Pasquale B.|last4=Lau|first4=Eunice L.|last5=Trager|first5=Gayle B.|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2013-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408054323/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103587900339|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[金星]]|| align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{Ve}</math>
|<math>4.085\,237\,19 \times 10^{5}</math>||<math>8 \times 10^{-3}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103599960864|last=Konopliv|first=A. S.|last2=Banerdt|first2=W. B.|date=1999-05-01|journal=Icarus|issue=1|doi=10.1006/icar.1999.6086|volume=139|pages=3–18|language=en|issn=0019-1035|last3=Sjogren|first3=W. L.}}</ref>
|-
|[[火星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{Ma}</math>
|<math>3.098\,703\,59 \times 10^{6}</math>||<math>2 \times 10^{-2}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A global solution for the Mars static and seasonal gravity, Mars orientation, Phobos and Deimos masses, and Mars ephemeris|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506000297|last=Konopliv|first=Alex S.|last2=Yoder|first2=Charles F.|date=2006-05-01|journal=Icarus|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.025|volume=182|pages=23–50|language=en|issn=0019-1035|last3=Standish|first3=E. Myles|last4=Yuan|first4=Dah-Ning|last5=Sjogren|first5=William L.}}</ref>
|-
|[[木星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{J}</math>
|<math>1.047\,348\,644 \times 10^{3}</math>||<math>1.7 \times 10^{-5}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Comprehensive Orbit Reconstruction for the Galileo Prime Mission in the J2000 System|url=https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/handle/2014/16904|last=Jacobson|first=R.|last2=Haw|first2=R.|date=1999-08-16|language=en-US|last3=McElrath|first3=T.|last4=Antreasian|first4=P.|journal=|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233335/https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/handle/2014/16904|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[土星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{Sa}</math>
|<math>3.497\,901\,8 \times 10^{3}</math>||<math>1 \times 10^{-4}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/508812|last=Jacobson|first=R. A.|last2=Antreasian|first2=P. G.|date=2006-01|journal=The Astronomical Journal|issue=6|doi=10.1086/508812|volume=132|pages=2520–2526|language=en|issn=0004-6256|last3=Bordi|first3=J. J.|last4=Criddle|first4=K. E.|last5=Ionasescu|first5=R.|last6=Jones|first6=J. B.|last7=Mackenzie|first7=R. A.|last8=Meek|first8=M. C.|last9=Parcher|first9=D.|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225090230/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/508812|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[天王星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{U}</math>
|<math>2.290\,298 \times 10^{4}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{-2}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Masses of Uranus and its Major Satellites From Voyager Tracking Data and Earth-Based Uranian Satellite Data|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....103.2068J/abstract|last=Jacobson|first=R. A.|last2=Campbell|first2=J. K.|date=1992-06|journal=AJ|doi=10.1086/116211|volume=103|pages=2068|language=en|issn=0004-6256|last3=Taylor|first3=A. H.|last4=Synnott|first4=S. P.|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2021-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205100003/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....103.2068J/abstract|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[海王星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{N}</math>
|<math>1.941\,226 \times 10^{4}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{-2}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=THE ORBITS OF THE NEPTUNIAN SATELLITES AND THE ORIENTATION OF THE POLE OF NEPTUNE|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4322|last=Jacobson|first=R. A.|date=2009-04-03|journal=The Astronomical Journal|issue=5|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4322|volume=137|pages=4322–4329|language=en|issn=0004-6256|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202022411/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4322|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[冥王星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{P}</math>
|<math>1.365\,66 \times 10^{8}</math>||<math>2.8 \times 10^{4}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=MASSES OF NIX AND HYDRA|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/777|last=Tholen|first=David J.|last2=Buie|first2=Marc W.|date=2008-01-29|journal=The Astronomical Journal|issue=3|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/777|volume=135|pages=777–784|language=en|issn=0004-6256|last3=Grundy|first3=William M.|last4=Elliott|first4=Garrett T.|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2019-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172442/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/777|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|[[阎神星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{S}/M_\text{Eris}</math>
|<math>1.191 \times 10^{8}</math>||<math>1.4 \times 10^{6}</math>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5831/1585|last=Brown|first=Michael E.|last2=Schaller|first2=Emily L.|date=2007-06-15|journal=Science|issue=5831|doi=10.1126/science.1139415|volume=316|pages=1585–1585|language=en|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17569855|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214014/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5831/1585|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |'''[[太阳质量]]与天体质量的比值'''
|-
|[[谷神星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{Ceres}/M_\text{S}</math>
|<math>4.72 \times 10^{-10}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{-12}</math>
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[智神星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{Pallas}/M_\text{S}</math>
|<math>1.03 \times 10^{-10}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{-12}</math>
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[灶神星]]||align="center" |<math>M_\text{Vesta}/M_\text{S}</math>
|<math>1.35 \times 10^{-10}</math>||<math>3 \times 10^{-12}</math>
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| colspan="5" |'''于[[J2000.0|历元J2000.0]]的初始值'''
|-
|于[[J2000.0|历元J2000.0]]的[[黄赤交角]]|| align="center" |<math>\epsilon_\text{J2000.0}</math>||<math>8.438\,140\,6 \times 10^{4} \, \text{arcseconds}</math>||<math>1 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{arcseconds}</math>||<ref name="IAU06_3" />
|-
|}

;

== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist}}

== 外部連結 ==
* [http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesa.htm Tables of constants] {{Wayback|url=http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesa.htm |date=20210102211551 }} — from Nick Strobel's [http://www.astronomynotes.com/ Astronomy Notes] {{Wayback|url=http://www.astronomynotes.com/ |date=20210221093918 }}
* [http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astro.html Astronomical constants index] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astro.html |date=20210124235203 }} — James Q. Jacobs

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astronomical Constant}}
[[Category:物理常數]]
[[Category:天体物理學|常數]]
[[Category:天文單位測量|常數]]
[[Category:天文學計量單位]]