查看“︁古埃及数学”︁的源代码

'''古埃及数学'''是[[古埃及]]人发明和使用的[[数学]]，使用时间范围在西元前3000年到前300年间，大致从[[古王國時期]]一直到[[托勒密王國]]开始。古埃及人使用[[古埃及数字]]计数，并解决一些数学问题，通常包括{{tsl|en|Ancient Egyptian multiplication|古埃及乘法|乘法}}和[[古埃及分數|分数]]问题。关于古埃及数学的佐证都是从稀有的古代纸草书上而来。根据这些纸草书的记载，古埃及人已经有了{{tsl|en|Egyptian geometry|古埃及几何|几何}}的知识，例如计算[[表面積]]和[[体积]]，用于建筑计算，以及{{tsl|en|Egyptian algebra|古埃及代数|代数}}的知识，例如[[盈不足术]]和[[一元二次方程]]。

==来源==
* [[莱因德数学纸草书]]（RMP），为最大的数学文字来源。大约作于[[第二中间时期]]（虽然它是已经失传的[[中王国]]时期的纸草的一份复本）<ref name="Clagett"/>。
* [[莫斯科数学纸草书]]<ref name="Clagett">Clagett, Marshall Ancient Egyptian Science, A Source Book. Volume Three: Ancient Egyptian Mathematics (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society) American Philosophical Society. 1999 {{ISBN|978-0-87169-232-0}}</ref>
* {{tsl|en|Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll||Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll}}<ref name="Clagett"/>
* {{tsl|en|Lahun Mathematical Papyri||拉罕数学纸草书}}<ref name="Clagett"/>
* {{tsl|en|Berlin Papyrus 6619||柏林纸草书6619}}
* {{tsl|en|Akhmim Wooden Tablet||Akhmim Wooden Tablet}}
* {{tsl|en|Reisner Papyrus||赖斯纳纸草书}}<ref name="Clagett"/>

==数字==
{{main|埃及数字|埃及分数}}

埃及数字采用10进制。

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center" | style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 75%"
|+ '''埃及数字的圣书体<ref name="Burton">Burton, David, <cite>The History of Mathematics: An Introduction </cite>, McGraw-Hill, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-305189-5</ref>'''
!| 1 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 !! 10,000 !! 100,000 !! 1,000,000
|-
| <hiero>Z1</hiero> || <hiero>V20\</hiero> || <hiero>V1</hiero> || <hiero>M12</hiero> || <hiero>D50</hiero> || <hiero>I8</hiero> || <hiero>C11</hiero>
|}

[[File:Neferetiabet.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Slab stela of Old Kingdom Egyptian princess Neferetiabet (dated 2590-2565 BC) from her tomb at Giza, painting on limestone, now in Louvre, France.]]

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="10" align="center" | style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center"
|+ 一些分数的圣书体<ref name="Clagett"/>
!| <math> 1/2 </math> !! <math> 1/3 </math> !! <math> 2/3 </math> !! <math> 1/4 </math> !! <math> 1/5</math>
|- 
| <hiero>Aa13</hiero> || <hiero>r:Z2</hiero> || <hiero>D22</hiero> || <hiero>r:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1</hiero> || <hiero>r:Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1*Z1</hiero>
|}

==参看==
*[[巴比伦古代数学]]
*[[古希腊数学]]
*[[古罗马数学]]

==外部链接==
*[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Egyptians.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Egyptians.html |date=20170821134130 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427130547/http://scitsc.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/modules/mm2217/en.htm]

==参考==
*Chace, Arnold Buffum. 1927–1929. ''The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: Free Translation and Commentary with Selected Photographs, Translations, Transliterations and Literal Translations''. 2 vols. Classics in Mathematics Education 8. Oberlin: Mathematical Association of America. (Reprinted Reston: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1979). ISBN 0873531337
*Clagett, Marshall. 1999. ''Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book''. Volume 3: ''Ancient Egyptian Mathematics''. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 232. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0871692325
*Couchoud, Sylvia. 1993. ''Mathématiques égyptiennes: Recherches sur les connaissances mathématiques de l'Égypte pharaonique''. Paris: Éditions Le Léopard d'Or
*Peet, Thomas Eric. 1923. ''The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, British Museum 10057 and 10058''. London: The University Press of Liverpool limited and Hodder & Stoughton limited
*Robins, R. Gay. 1995. "Mathematics, Astronomy, and Calendars in Pharaonic Egypt". In ''Civilizations of the Ancient Near East'', edited by Jack M. Sasson, John R. Baines, Gary Beckman, and Karen S. Rubinson. Vol. 3 of 4 vols. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons. (Reprinted Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000). 1799–1813
*Robins, R. Gay, and Charles C. D. Shute. 1987. ''The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: An Ancient Egyptian Text''. London: British Museum Publications Limited. ISBN 0714109444
*Struve, Vasilij Vasil'evi&#269;, and Boris Aleksandrovi&#269; Turaev. 1930. ''Mathematischer Papyrus des Staatlichen Museums der Schönen Künste in Moskau''. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik; Abteilung A: Quellen 1. Berlin: J. Springer

==參考文獻==
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{{古希臘數學}}

{{古埃及相关}}

[[Category:數學史]]
[[Category:埃及数学]]