查看“︁印度科學史”︁的源代码

{{Rough translation|time=2022-12-11T09:56:54+00:00}}
{{history of science}}
{{技术史}}
'''印度的科學史'''始于[[印度河流域文明]]的[[印度历史|史前人类活动]]，印度河流域文明早期的印度各州和帝国的史前人类活动。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |title=Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |archive-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== 史前时期 ==
[[File:Hand-propelled wheel cart from Indus Valley Civilization.GIF|缩略图|手推轮车，[[印度河流域文明]]（[[公元]]前3300-1300年）。收藏于[[新德里国立博物馆]]。]]
到了公元前5500年，出现了一些类似于[[梅赫尔格尔]]（[[巴基斯坦]]）的遗址，形成了后来的[[铜石并用时代]]文化基础。<ref name=Kenoyer230/> 这些遗址的居民与[[近东]]和[[中亚]]保持贸易关系。<ref name=Kenoyer230>''Kenoyer'' 肯诺耶，230</ref>

[[灌溉]]在公元前4500年左右在[[印度河流域文明]]中发展起来。<ref name=R&U/>由于这一创新，印度河流域文明的规模和繁荣度不断增长，最终导致更多计划的定居点利用[[排水]]和[[污水处理|下水道]]。<ref name=R&U>Rodda & Ubertini, 279</ref>印度河流域文明开发了更复杂的灌溉和储水系统，包括公元前3000年在{{link-en|吉尔纳尔山|Girnar}}的人工[[水库]]，以及公元前2600年的早期[[运河]]灌溉系统。<ref>Rodda & Ubertini, 161</ref> 公元前5-4千年时，该地区开始种植[[棉花]]。<ref>Stein（格特鲁德·斯泰因）, 47</ref>[[甘蔗]]最初来自热带南亚和东南亚。<ref name=Sharpe/>不同的[[物种]]可能起源于不同的地方，[[竹蔗]]起源于印度，[[佛手瓜]]和[[甘蔗]]来自[[新几内亚]]。 <ref name=Sharpe>''Sharpe'' 夏普 (1998年)</ref>

印度河流域的居民发展了一套[[标准化]]系统，使用砝码和度量衡，这一点从印度河流域[[遗址]]的发掘中可以看出。<ref name=Baber_b>''Baber'' 巴贝尔, 23页</ref>这种[[标准|技术标准]]化使测量设备能够有效地用于[[角|角度测量]]和建筑的测量。已知印度最早的[[船坞]]之一是在[[洛塔]]（公元前2400年），位于远离主要水流的地方，以避免[[淤泥]]的沉积。<ref name="RaoQ"/> 现代[[海洋学家]]认为，[[印度河谷文明|哈拉帕人]]必须拥有与[[潮汐]]有关的[[知识]]，才能在[[萨巴尔马蒂]]不断变化的河道上建造这样一个码头，以及堪称典范的[[水文]]和[[海事]]工程。<ref name="RaoQ">''Rao'' 拉奥, 27–28</ref>

在[[巴基斯坦]]的{{link-en|巴拉科特|Balakot}}（{{link-en|科特·巴拉|Kot Bala}}）（约公元前2500-1900年）的发掘中，发现了早期有[[冶金炉]]的证据。<ref name=Dales/>这些炉子很可能是用来制造[[陶瓷]]物品的。<ref name=Dales>Dales, 3–22 [10]</ref>在巴拉科特还发掘了可追溯到该文明成熟阶段（约公元前2500-1900年）的[[炉]]。<ref name=Dales/>{{link-en|卡利班甘|Kalibangan}}考古遗址进一步产生了锅状[[壁炉]]的证据，在一个遗址中既发现了地面上的，也发现了地下的。<ref name=Baber20>Baber, 20</ref>在卡利班甘遗址还发现了带火的窑炉和窑洞室。<ref name=Baber20/> [[File:Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India.jpg|缩略图|left|位于[[毘舍离]]的阿育王石柱景观。阿育王的[[诏书]]（公元前272-231年）中的一条写道。“阿育王，在每个地方都建立了两种[[医院]]，[[人]]的医院和[[动物]]的医院。在没有治疗人和动物的草药的地方，他命令购买并在此处种植这些草药”。<ref name=finger12>''Finger'', 12</ref>]]

基于考古和文本证据，{{link-en|约瑟夫-E-施瓦茨伯格|Joseph E. Schwartzberg}}（2008年）[[明尼苏达大学]]中的[[地理学]]专业[[荣誉教授]]提出[[印度]][[制图]]的起源追溯到印度河谷文明（约公元前2500-1900年）。<ref name=Schwartzberg1/> 自[[吠陀时代]]（公元前2-1千年）以来，[[南亚]]就开始有规律地使用大型[[建筑]]计划、[[宇宙学]][[图画]]和制图材料。<ref name=Schwartzberg1>“我们现在认为，早在中石器时代，现在的印度就有某种形式的测绘，测绘的历史可以追溯到印度河文明（约公元前2500-1900年），至少从吠陀时代晚期（公元前一千年）开始，就不断有大型计划、宇宙地图和其他制图作品的建造”--约瑟夫-E-施瓦茨伯格，1301年。</ref>气候条件导致大多数证据被销毁，然而，一些挖掘出的测量仪器和测量棒已经产生了早期制图活动的令人信服的证据。<ref name=Schwartzberg1301-1302>Schwartzberg, 1301–1302</ref> 施瓦茨贝格说：“关于现存地图的问题，进一步认为。虽然数量不多，但在数以千计的石器时代印度洞穴壁画中出现了一些类似[[地图]]的涂鸦；至少有一个复杂的中石器时代的图被认为是对宇宙的表述。”<ref name=Schwartzberg1301>Schwartzberg, 1301</ref>

动物拉动的[[犁]]的考古证据可追溯到公元前2500年的印度河流域文明。<ref name=lal>Lal (2001)</ref>从哈拉帕遗址发现的最早的铜制[[剑]]可以追溯到公元前2300年。<ref name=allchin1/> 在整个印度[[恒河]]的[[北方邦詹普尔|贾穆纳]][[多布]]地区的考古发现中，都发现了剑，由[[青铜]]制成，但更常见的是[[铜]]制成。<ref name=allchin1>Allchin, 111–112</ref>


== 初期王国 ==

== 中期王国（公元前230年-公元1206年）==

== 中世纪末和现代初（1206-1858年）==

== 殖民时代（1858-1947）==

== 印度独立后（1947年至今）==

== 参见 ==

== 注释 ==
{{Reflist|3}}

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[[分类:印度科技史]]
[[分类:印度科技]]