查看“︁克瓦納過程”︁的源代码

[[File:Carbon-nanocones.JPG|thumb|220 px|經由克瓦納過程進行[[原油]]熱解所產生的{{le|碳納米錐|Carbon nanocone}}（最大粒徑1微米）[[掃描電子顯微鏡|SEM]]影像。<ref name="nanocones">{{Cite journal|title = Carbon nanocones: wall structure and morphology|date = 29 December 2009|doi = 10.1088/1468-6996/10/6/065002|first = Stine Nalum|last = Naess|first2 = Arnljot|last2 = Elgsaeter|first3 = Geir|first4 = Kenneth D.|last3 = Helgesen|last4 = Knudsen|journal = Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|volume = 10|issue = 6|pmc=5074450|pmid=27877312|page=065002}}</ref>]]
'''克瓦納過程'''（{{lang-en|Kværner process}}），或稱為'''克瓦納碳黑和氫氣過程'''（{{lang-en|Kværner carbon black and hydrogen process}}；簡稱'''CB&H'''），是一種從[[碳氫化合物]]（如[[甲烷]]、[[天然氣]]或[[生物燃氣]]等）生產[[碳黑]]和[[氫氣]]的過程，該過程無[[溫室氣體]]產生。該過程係由[[挪威]]工程公司{{le|克瓦納|Kværner}}於1980年代研發，並於1999年首度進行商業化<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.interstatetraveler.us/Reference-Bibliography/Bellona-HydrogenReport.html|title = Bellona Report 6:02, "Hydrogen - Status and possibilities" Hydrogen technologies|publisher = Bellona Foundation|website = Interstate Traveler Company|accessdate = 13 March 2014|archive-date = 2016-06-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603020122/http://www.interstatetraveler.us/Reference-Bibliography/Bellona-HydrogenReport.html}}</ref>。經改進的克瓦納過程可在低成本下增加[[甲烷]][[熱裂解|熱解]]處理量。

該過程在1600°C的[[電漿]]燃燒爐中經[[吸熱反應]]將碳氫化合物分解為碳和氫；碳粒和氫氣形成氣溶膠型態的混合物<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuehl|first=Olaf|date=|year=2016|title=US 9,309,125 B2 - PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS - Caphenia / CCP Technology Description [0048]|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/048522145/publication/US9309125B2?q=pn%3DUS9309125B2|access-date=2019-11-28|website=worldwide.espacenet.com|publisher=European Patent Office EPO}}</ref>。
:<chem>C_\mathit{n}H_\mathit{m} -> {\mathit{n}C} + \frac{\mathit{m}}{2} H2</chem> 
相較於[[蒸汽重組]]和{{le|部分氧化|Partial oxidation}}等過程會產生副產物[[二氧化碳]]，克瓦納過程沒有副產物。天然氣被有效率且完全地轉化為純碳和氫，過程中不釋放二氧化碳至大氣中。分離混合物後，碳粒可用做[[活性碳]]、[[石墨]]、工業塵灰或特規碳材（如碳盤和碳錐）等。碳以黑色粉粒被收集，並可衍伸應用在[[橡膠]]填料、油墨和油漆的顏料塵灰、或用作電氣組件的原料。氫氣則可提供[[化學程序|化工程序]]使用或者用於[[發電]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuehl|first=Olaf|date=|year=2019|title=US 10166521 B2 - Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monixide - Caphenia / CCP Technology - Description|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/048522145/publication/US10166521B2?q=us10166521|access-date=2019-11-28|website=worldwide.espacenet.com|publisher=European Patent Office EPO}}</ref>。過程輸入的能量有48%用於生產氫氣，40%用於生產活性碳，而10%用於產生過熱蒸汽<ref>[https://www.hfpeurope.org/infotools/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main03.html hfpeurope.org]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref><!--Previously tagged as "secure page, not accesible"-->。基於{{le|電漿氣化|Plasma gasification}}的衍伸製程於2009年被提出；甲烷和天然氣在電漿轉化反應器中被轉化為氫氣、熱和碳<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2009/10/12/hydrogen-breakthrough-for-norwegian-company/|title = Hydrogen Breakthrough for Norwegian company|accessdate = 13 March 2014|date = 12 October 2009|website = FuelCellsWorks|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313194912/http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2009/10/12/hydrogen-breakthrough-for-norwegian-company/|archive-date = 13 March 2014}}</ref>。

== 相關條目 ==
*{{le|氫氣生產|Hydrogen production}}
*[[熱裂解|甲烷熱解]]
*[[再生能源]]
*[[電弧]]

== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:化學過程]]
[[Category:產氫]]
[[Category:工業氣體]]