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{{chembox | verifiedrevid = 401060007 | Name = 亚硝酸钠 | ImageFile = Sodium nitrite crystals.jpg | ImageSize = 250px | ImageName = Sodium nitrite | ImageFileL1 = Sodium-3D.png | ImageSizeL1 = 80px | ImageNameL1 = The sodium cation | ImageFileR1 = Nitrite-3D-vdW.png | ImageNameR1 = The nitrite anion (space-filling model) | ImageFile2 = Natriumnitrit Elementarzelle.png | ImageSize2 = 250px | ImageName2 = Unit cell of sodium nitrite | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 22689 | ChEMBL = 93268 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = M0KG633D4F | InChI = 1/HNO2.Na/c2-1-3;/h(H,2,3);/q;+1/p-1 | InChIKey = LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-REWHXWOFAO | SMILES = N(=O)[O-].[Na+] | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/HNO2.Na/c2-1-3;/h(H,2,3);/q;+1/p-1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M | CASNo = 7632-00-0 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 24269 | UNNumber = 1500 | EINECS = 231-555-9 | RTECS = RA1225000 }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = NaNO<sub>2</sub> | MolarMass = 68.9953 | Appearance = 白色至浅黄色晶体 | Density = 2.168 g/cm<sup>3</sup> | Solubility = 82 g/100 ml (20 °C) | MeltingPt = 271 °C decomp. }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | Coordination = | CrystalStruct = [[正交晶系]] | SpaceGroup = Im2m | LattConst_a = 3.5653(8) Å | LattConst_b = 5.5728(7) Å | LattConst_c = 5.3846(13) Å <ref>{{Cite journal|author=T. Gohda, M. Ichikawa|title=The Refinement of the Structure of Ferroelectric Sodium Nitrite|journal=Journal of the Korean Physical Society|volume=29|year=1996|pages=551–554}}</ref> | UnitCellFormulas = 2 }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ExternalMSDS = [http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/SO/sodium_nitrite.html External MSDS] | EUIndex = 007-010-00-4 | EUClass = 氧化剂 ('''O''')<br />有毒 ('''T''')<br />对环境有害 ('''N''') | NFPA-H = 3 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 1 | NFPA-O = OX | RPhrases = {{R8}}, {{R25}}, {{R50}} | SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}} | FlashPt = | Autoignition = 489 °C | LD50 = 180 mg/kg (rats, oral) }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = [[硝酸钠]] | OtherCations = [[亚硝酸钾]]<br />[[亚硝酸铵]] }} }} {{confused|亞硝酸鹽}} '''亚硝酸钠'''（[[钠|Na]][[氮|N]][[氧|O]]<sub>2</sub>）常用于鱼类、肉类等食品的[[染色]]和[[防腐]]。纯净的亚硝酸钠是一种白色至浅黄色[[晶体]]。它有非常好的水溶性和[[吸湿性]]，水溶液呈弱碱性，[[pH]]约为9，易溶于[[液氨]]，微溶于[[乙醇]]、[[甲醇]]、[[乙醚]]等[[有机溶剂]]。在空气中，亚硝酸钠会被缓慢氧化成[[硝酸钠]]（[[钠|Na]][[氮|N]][[氧|O]]<sub>3</sub>），后者是一种强氧化剂。亚硝酸钠遇有机物易发生爆炸。 亚硝酸钠也被用于以下领域：生产[[重氮化合物]]染料、[[亚硝基化合物]]和其它[[有机化合物]]；[[纤维]][[纺织品]]的染色和[[漂白]]；[[照相]]；作实验室中的抗[[腐蚀]]剂；作金属涂层中的添加剂；生产[[橡胶]]。它的10%水溶液也被用于[[电镀]]。亚硝酸钠同样被用于人或动物的[[血管]]扩张、支[[气管]]扩张药物中。 == 制备 == 亚硝酸钠由[[氢氧化钠]]与[[一氧化氮]]、[[二氧化氮]]混合反应制得： <chem>2 NaOH + NO2 + NO -> 2 NaNO2 + H2O</chem> 值得注意的是，该反应需要在无氧条件下进行，否则制得的亚硝酸钠很容易被氧化成[[硝酸钠]]。 == 用途 == [[File:Natriumnitrit.png|thumb|亚硝酸钠电子式]] === 日常饮食 === 亚硝酸盐是普通人日常饮食所需的一部分，存在于很多蔬菜中。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leszczyńska |first=Teresa |last2=Filipiak-Florkiewicz |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Cieślik |first3=Ewa |last4=Sikora |first4=Elżbieta |last5=Pisulewski |first5=Paweł M. |date=2009-06-01 |title=Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157509000726 |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 |issn=0889-1575}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wholesomebabyfood.com/nitratearticle.htm |title=存档副本 |access-date=2011-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416084406/http://www.wholesomebabyfood.com/nitratearticle.htm |archive-date=2010-04-16 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite book|chapter=NITRATES AND NITRITES|title=Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X008300|publisher=Academic Press|date=2003-01-01|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-227055-0|pages=4136–4141|doi=10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/00830-0|language=en|first=M. J.|last=Dennis|first2=L. A.|last2=Wilson|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|access-date=2022-11-08|archive-date=2022-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231151/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X008300|dead-url=no}}</ref>在34种蔬菜，包括不同种类的白菜、生菜、菠菜、香菜和萝卜等样品中，亚硝酸盐含量通常在1.1到57 mg/kg之间<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Correia |first=Manuela |last2=Barroso |first2=Ângela |last3=Barroso |first3=M. Fátima |last4=Soares |first4=Débora |last5=Oliveira |first5=M. B. P. P. |last6=Delerue-Matos |first6=Cristina |date=2010-06-15 |title=Contribution of different vegetable types to exogenous nitrate and nitrite exposure |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609013405 |journal=Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=120 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.030 |issn=0308-8146}}</ref><ref name="Leszczyńska">{{Cite journal |last=Leszczyńska |first=Teresa |last2=Filipiak-Florkiewicz |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Cieślik |first3=Ewa |last4=Sikora |first4=Elżbieta |last5=Pisulewski |first5=Paweł M. |date=2009-06-01 |title=Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157509000726 |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 |issn=0889-1575}}</ref>[[烹饪]]蔬菜的过程中可能造成[[硝酸盐]]的流失，亚硝酸盐的损失却不显著。<ref name=" Leszczyńska"/>未经加工的肉类含有0.4-0.5 mg/kg亚硝酸盐和4–7 mg/kg硝酸盐，而腌渍过的肉中含有10–30 mg/kg硝酸盐。<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/>亚硝酸盐在动物组织中的代谢产物通常是一种重要的[[神经递质]][[一氧化氮]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meulemans |first=A. |last2=Delsenne |first2=F. |date=1994-10-14 |title=Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378434794003106 |journal=Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications |language=en |volume=660 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/0378-4347(94)00310-6 |issn=0378-4347}}</ref>一氧化氮最初可以由[[精氨酸]]通过[[一氧化氮合成酶]]产生或者来源于消化吸收的[[硝酸盐]]和[[亚硝酸盐]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southan |first=G. J. |last2=Srinivasan |first2=A. |date=1998 |title=Nitrogen oxides and hydroxyguanidines: formation of donors of nitric and nitrous oxides and possible relevance to nitrous oxide formation by nitric oxide synthase |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9851368 |journal=Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry |volume=2 |issue=4 |doi=10.1006/niox.1998.0187 |issn=1089-8603 |pmid=9851368 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118062707/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9851368/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>早期关于亚硝酸盐对人体负面影响的研究提前使人们认识到一氧化氮在人体代谢中的重要地位，并且知道了人体本身会内源性地产生一氧化氮。 === 食品添加剂 === 亚硝酸钠作为食品添加剂，不仅可以对鱼类、肉类食品进行染色和保鲜，原理是：亚硝酸盐在酸性条件下分解产生亚硝基（ NO ），亚硝基会很快与[[肌红蛋白]]反应生成稳定、鲜艳、亮红色的亚硝化肌红蛋白。使肉制品保持稳定的鲜艳红色。因此特别适用于[[午餐肉]]、[[火腿肠|火腿香肠]]等，而[[紅燒肉|紅燒肉]]罐头、清炖猪肉罐头、炖肘子等肉制品使用自然色泽，一般不添加亚硝酸钠作为[[护色剂]]。亚硝酸钠的[[食品添加剂国际编码系统|INS号]]是250，因而有些食品标签上写明了使用E250号添加剂，即为亚硝酸钠。 亚硝酸钠还可以抑制[[肉毒杆菌]]的生长。后者可以产生[[肉毒杆菌毒素]]，造成食物中毒。在欧盟标准下，亚硝酸钠只能以不高于0.6%的含量与食用盐混合使用，它的[[E编码]]是E250。对[[亚硝酸钾]]的标准与之类似。 用于腌肉时一般和食盐混合。欧洲的{{tsl|en|腌肉用盐}}是预先混合好，含0.5–0.9%亚硝酸钠，其余为食盐。美国用的腌肉用盐是叫做“布拉格粉”（Prague Powder），含6.25%亚硝酸钠，其余为食盐，染成粉红色，用前需要再和食盐稀释。<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Coudray G |title=Who poisoned your bacon? |date=February 2021 |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1785786112 |pages=xv |url=https://iconbooks.com/ib-title/who-poisoned-your-bacon/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119150659/https://www.iconbooks.com/ib-title/who-poisoned-your-bacon/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>中国一般不用这类预拌粉，直接纯品现场稀释。 === 药用 === 静脉缓慢注射亚硝酸钠现在已经被用于氰化物中毒的急救（参见[[氰化物#解毒]]），和[[硫代硫酸钠]]配合使用，仅用于严重场合。由于现在有无毒的[[羟钴胺]]作为氰化物解药，亚硝酸钠一般只留在急救地点没有羟钴胺时使用。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Streitz MJ, Bebarta VS, Borys DJ, Morgan DL | title = Patterns of cyanide antidote use since regulatory approval of hydroxocobalamin in the United States | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 244–249 | date = July–August 2014 | pmid = 23689094 | doi = 10.1097/MJT.0b013e31824ea656 | s2cid = 21116328}}</ref>如果同时发生氰化物和一氧化碳中毒且没有羟钴胺用，单用硫代硫酸钠即足够。<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Graham J, Traylor J | chapter = Cyanide Toxicity | date = 2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507796/ | title = StatPearls | access-date = 7 December 2023 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing | pmid = 29939573 | archive-date = 2025-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250204084050/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507796/ | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Baren JM |title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine |date=2008 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1416000877 |page=1018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA1018 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172656/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA1018 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> 近期的研究中发现亚硝酸钠对于扩张血管、改善血液循环有显著效果，包括对[[镰刀型红血球疾病]]、[[心肌梗死]]、[[脑动脉瘤]]和[[肺动脉高压]]去打等的应用前景，其中一些疾病目前可以导致婴儿死亡。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-09-05-hot-dog-drug_x.htm | author = [[美联社|]] | title = Hot dog preservative could be disease cure | date = 2005-09-05 | work = USA Today | accessdate = 2011-06-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807135015/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-09-05-hot-dog-drug_x.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8643 | title = Food preservative fights cystic fibrosis complication | date = 27 January 2006 | publisher = NewScientist.com | author = Roxanne Khamsi | accessdate = 2011-06-27 | archive-date = 2008-09-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917151255/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8643 | dead-url = no }}</ref>但是扩张血管也会造成低血压、头痛、气短等副作用。<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book |title=WHO Model Formulary 2008 |year=2009 |isbn=9789241547659 |vauthors=((World Health Organization)) |veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR |hdl=10665/44053 |author-link=World Health Organization |publisher=World Health Organization |hdl-access=free |page=65}}</ref> === 化工用途 === 亚硝酸钠被用于[[胺]]向[[重氮化合物]]的转化，而N<sub>2</sub>集团具有很好的离去性，生产应用中通过这样的反应来取代氨基。 实验室中，亚硝酸钠也被用于处理过量的[[叠氮化钠]]。<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ehs.neu.edu/hazardous_waste/fact_sheets/sodium_azide/ | work = Hazardous Waste Management | title = Sodium Azide | publisher = [[东北大学 (美国)|]] | date = March 2003 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071104105622/http://www.ehs.neu.edu/hazardous_waste/fact_sheets/sodium_azide/ | archivedate = 2007-11-04 | accessdate = 2011-06-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Prudent practices in the laboratory: handling and disposal of chemicals | year = 1995 | publisher = {{tsl|en|National Academy Press||}} | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 0309052297 | url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4911&page=165 | author = Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling, Storage, and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council. | access-date = 2011-06-27 | archive-date = 2015-03-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325031033/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4911 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>这是因为在酸性条件下，亚硝酸钠与叠氮化钠发生如下反应： <chem>2 NaN3 {+} 2 NaNO2 {+} 2 H^+ -> 3 N2\uparrow {+} 2 NO {+} 2 Na^+ {+} 2 H2O</chem> 亚硝酸钠被加热到较高的温度（在330 °C以上）后，可以分解产生[[氧化钠]]、红棕色的[[二氧化氮]]和[[一氧化氮]]。<ref>需要注意的是，该反应[[可逆]]，故生成的气体会与氧化钠重新化合成亚硝酸钠，因而实验现象并不明显，也不适合实际应用</ref> <chem>2NaNO2 ->[\Delta] Na2O {+} NO\uparrow {+} NO2\uparrow</chem> 氧化钠可以吸收二氧化碳产生[[碳酸钠]]，这有可能避免了一个[[潛艇|潜水艇]]中的船员窒息于高浓度的[[二氧化碳]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoshino |first=Y. |last2=Utsunomiya |first2=T. |last3=Abe |first3=O. |date=1981-09-01 |title=ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM NITRATE AND THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL OXIDES ON THE DECOMPOSITION |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chin.198135030 |journal=Chemischer Informationsdienst |language=de |volume=12 |issue=35 |doi=10.1002/chin.198135030 |s2cid=197241388 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231132/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chin.198135030 |dead-url=no }}</ref> ===自杀=== 2020和2021年间英语世界报道多起网购亚硝酸钠自杀案例，致使学术著作讨论亚硝酸钠毒性。<ref> * {{cite journal | vauthors = Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ | title = A fatal case by a suicide kit containing sodium nitrite ordered on the internet | journal = Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine | volume = 73 | issue = | pages = 101989 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32658747 | doi = 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101989 | ref = {{sfnref|Durão C, ''et al.'', 2020.}} | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 219909654 | hdl = 10400.26/34138}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ | title = Another suicide by sodium nitrite and multiple drugs: an alarming trend for "exit"? | journal = Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 362–366 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33247411 | doi = 10.1007/s12024-020-00340-2 | ref = {{sfnref|Durão C, ''et al.'', 2021.}} | s2cid = 227180461}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Tomsia M, Głaz M, Nowicka J, Szczepański M | title = Sodium nitrite detection in costal cartilage and vitreous humor - Case report of fatal poisoning with sodium nitrite | journal = Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine | volume = 81 | issue = | pages = 102186 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34058704 | doi = 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102186 | ref = {{sfnref|Tomsia M, ''et al.'', 2021.}} | s2cid = 235268052}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = McCann SD, Kennedy JM, Tweet MS, Bryant SM | title = Sodium Nitrite Ingestion: an Emerging Trend in Suicide Attempts Shared via Online Communities | journal = The Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–412 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33712114 | doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.021 | ref = {{sfnref|McCann SD, Kennedy JM, ''et al.'', 2021.}} | s2cid = 232218908}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Dean DE, Looman KB, Topmiller RG | title = Fatal methemoglobinemia in three suicidal sodium nitrite poisonings | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 66 | issue = 4 | pages = 1570–1576 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 33598944 | doi = 10.1111/1556-4029.14689 | ref = {{sfnref|Dean DE, ''et al.'', 2021.}} | s2cid = 231952466}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Hickey TB, MacNeil JA, Hansmeyer C, Pickup MJ | title = Fatal methemoglobinemia: A case series highlighting a new trend in intentional sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate ingestion as a method of suicide | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 326 | issue = | pages = 110907 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34298207 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110907 | ref = {{sfnref|Hickey TB, ''et al.'', 2021.}}}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Harvey M, Cave G, Chanwai G | title = Fatal methaemoglobinaemia induced by self-poisoning with sodium nitrite | journal = Emergency Medicine Australasia | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 463–465 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 21040485 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01335.x | ref = {{sfnref|Harvey M, ''et al.'', 2010.}} | s2cid = 38780081}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = McCann SD, Tweet MS, Wahl MS | title = Rising incidence and high mortality in intentional sodium nitrite exposures reported to US poison centers | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 59 | issue = 12 | pages = 1264–1269 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33787434 | doi = 10.1080/15563650.2021.1905162 | ref = {{sfnref|McCann SD, Tweet MS, Wahl MS, 2021.}} | s2cid = 232431594 | doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Sedhai YR, Atreya A, Basnyat S, Phuyal P, Pokhrel S | title = The use of sodium nitrite for deliberate self-harm, and the online suicide market: Should we care? | journal = The Medico-Legal Journal | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–80 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 33906496 | doi = 10.1177/0025817221998119 | ref = {{sfnref|Sedhai YR, ''et al.'', 2022.}} | s2cid = 233429578}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin J, Lewis J, Vohra R, Smollin C | title = Severe Methemoglobinemia and Death From Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions | journal = The Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = e85–e88 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32713620 | doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.031 | ref = {{sfnref|Mudan A, ''et al.'', 2020.}} | s2cid = 220797852}}</ref>使用亚硝酸钠作为自杀手段已在{{tsl|en|Sanctioned Suicide||}}为主的自杀论坛大有讨论。<ref name="Where the Despairing Log On, and Learn Ways to Die">{{cite news|vauthors=Twohey M|author-link=Megan Twohey|date=9 December 2021|title=Where the Despairing Log On, and Learn Ways to Die|newspaper=[[纽约时报|]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/09/us/where-the-despairing-log-on.html|access-date=24 July 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214211928/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/09/us/where-the-despairing-log-on.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>亚硝酸钠也出现在著名的“McCarthy等人诉亚马逊公司”案件中，原告称亚马逊网站的“经常搭配”[[推薦系統]]将亚硝酸钠、[[止吐剂]]、自杀指南手册搭配成“自杀套装”给健康儿童售卖，属故意辅助自杀。<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon 'suicide kits' have led to teen deaths, according to new lawsuit|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/10/amazon-suicide-kits-have-led-to-teen-deaths-according-to-new-lawsuit/|vauthors=Belanger A|work=[[Ars Technica]]|date=7 October 2022|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=2025-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204004103/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/10/amazon-suicide-kits-have-led-to-teen-deaths-according-to-new-lawsuit/|dead-url=no}}</ref>该诉讼于2023年6月被驳回。<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Stempel J |date=28 June 2023 |title=Judge dismisses lawsuit claiming Amazon sold 'suicide kits' to teenagers |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/judge-dismisses-lawsuit-claiming-amazon-sold-suicide-kits-teenagers-2023-06-28/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129161303/https://www.reuters.com/legal/judge-dismisses-lawsuit-claiming-amazon-sold-suicide-kits-teenagers-2023-06-28/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>eBay全网自2019年开始就禁止售卖本品。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2020-0246-Response-from-Ebay-UK-Ltd-Redacted.pdf|date=8 January 2021|title=Re Jason Thompson (deceased) – Sodium Nitrite|author=Director, eBay (UK) Limited|via=[[英國司法機構|]]|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=2024-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924033542/https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2020-0246-Response-from-Ebay-UK-Ltd-Redacted.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>加拿大已有售卖商以“辅助自杀”罪名被公诉，曾向88位后来死亡的英国人出售本品。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/here-s-why-the-world-will-be-watching-kenneth-law-s-court-battle-1.6493596|title=Here's why the world will be watching Kenneth Law's court battle|vauthors=Murphy A|publisher={{tsl|en|CFTO-DT||CTV Toronto}}|date=25 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=2025-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114173340/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/here-s-why-the-world-will-be-watching-kenneth-law-s-court-battle-1.6493596|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66609884|title=88 UK deaths linked to Canada 'poison seller'|vauthors=Crawford A|publisher=[[英國廣播公司新聞部|]]|date=25 August 2023|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=2025-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126180625/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66609884|dead-url=no}}</ref>此外，美国已出台立法，旨在将亚硝酸钠浓度超过10%的产品视为《{{tsl|en|Consumer Product Safety Act||消费品安全法}}》禁止的消费品，此举不会影响布拉格粉（浓度6.25%）的销售。<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemical Used in Suicides Faces Sales Ban Under Proposed Law |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/chemical-used-in-suicides-faces-sales-ban-under-proposed-law |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115023018/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/chemical-used-in-suicides-faces-sales-ban-under-proposed-law |dead-url=no }}</ref> == 急性毒性 == 这种化合物在含量比较高的状况下它也对包括人的动物表现明显的毒性。亚硝酸钠对鼠的[[半数致死量]]为180 mg/kg，对人的已知[[最低致死量]]为71 mg/kg，就是说一个重65 kg的人可能被最低4.615[[克|g]]该种物质致死。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/SO/sodium_nitrite.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2011-06-27 |archive-date=2011-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211073524/http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/SO/sodium_nitrite.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> 怀疑食用亚硝酸钠自杀时，[[先遣急救員]]应立刻提供[[亞甲藍]]，<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehy MH, Way JL |date=1 November 1974 |title=Nitrite intoxication: Protection with methylene blue and oxygen |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X%2874%2990093-3 |journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=221–226 |doi=10.1016/0041-008X(74)90093-3 |bibcode=1974ToxAP..30..221S |issn=0041-008X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ehlers P, Bryant SM | title = Immediate methylene blue is critical for sodium nitrite ingestions | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 68 | pages = 186 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37120398 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.034 | s2cid = 258324908}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Su M, McRae M |date=8 September 2022 |title=2022 Health Advisory #22 Poisonings and Death Related to Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions |url=https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/han/advisory/2022/sodium-nitrate-ingestion-poisonings.pdf |access-date=4 November 2023 |website={{tsl|en|New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene||}} |archive-date=2025-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107110411/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/han/advisory/2022/sodium-nitrate-ingestion-poisonings.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>治疗大量吞食产生的[[正鐵血紅蛋白血症]]。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee GW, Lee JB |date=16 December 2013 |title=Antidote for acquired methemoglobinemia: methylene blue |url=https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1042644 |journal=Journal of the Korean Medical Association |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1090 |doi=10.5124/jkma.2013.56.12.1084 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119150328/https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1042644 |dead-url=no }}</ref> == 健康关注 == 过量的亚硝酸钠会致癌。亚硝酸钠在烹调和消化过程中会和食物中的胺反应，产生[[致癌物质]][[亚硝胺]]类化合物。传统食品中也存在亚硝胺，例如[[腌肉]]和[[咸鱼干]]。在19世纪20年代，美国一次重要的肉制品腌渍工艺的改进减少了69%的亚硝酸盐使用，这使得当时胃癌患者的死亡率骤减。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paik |first=David C |last2=Saborio |first2=David V |last3=Oropeza |first3=Ruben |last4=Freeman |first4=Harold P |date=2001-02 |title=The epidemiological enigma of gastric cancer rates in the US: was grandmother's sausage the cause? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ije/30.1.181 |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/ije/30.1.181 |issn=1464-3685 |s2cid=8474418 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714192415/https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ije/30.1.181 |dead-url=no }}</ref>而在1970年前后，人们发现[[维生素C|抗坏血酸]]（即[[维生素C]]）可以有效抑制亚硝胺的产生。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mackerness |first=C.W. |last2=Leach |first2=S.A. |last3=Thompson |first3=M.H. |last4=Hill |first4=M.J. |date=1989 |title=The inhibition of bacterially mediated N -nitrosation by vitamin C: relevance to the inhibition of endogenous N -nitrosation in the achlorhydric stomach |url=https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/carcin/10.2.397 |journal=Carcinogenesis |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/carcin/10.2.397 |issn=0143-3334 |pmid=2492212}}</ref>这使得美国要求肉制品中必须含有至少550ppm的抗坏血酸。制造商有时会使用成本更低但效果相当的[[异抗坏血酸]]作为替代。制造商也会添加[[α-生育酚]]（即[[维生素E]]）来起到进一步效果。上述三种化合物均通过它们的[[抗氧化性]]来抑制亚硝胺的产生。抗坏血酸为例，它可以通过[[氧化还原]]作用将亚硝酸钠的转化物[[亚硝酸酐]]还原为[[一氧化氮]]，而自身被氧化为[[脱氢抗坏血酸]]。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-01 |title=Research Newsletter |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/publications/research-newsletter |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Linus Pauling Institute |language=en |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223105720/http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/fw04/allaboute.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> 一项最近的研究揭示了长期使用腌渍肉制品与[[慢性阻塞性肺病|COPD]]之间的关系。研究者认为这类肉制品中高含量的亚硝酸盐是导致这类[[肺病]]的重要因素，但是目前还没有得到理论性的证实。同时这项研究并没有证明亚硝酸盐会提高这类肺病的发病率，而仅仅只是存在某种联系。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.webmd.com/news/20070417/study-copd-cured-meats-may-be-linked | title = Study: Cured Meats, COPD May Be Linked | author = Miranda Hitti | publisher = WebMD Medical News | date = 17 April 2007 | accessdate = 2011-06-27 | archive-date = 2009-04-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090405132256/http://www.webmd.com/news/20070417/study-copd-cured-meats-may-be-linked | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=Rui |last2=Paik |first2=David C. |last3=Hankinson |first3=John L. |last4=Barr |first4=R. Graham |date=2007-04-15 |title=Cured Meat Consumption, Lung Function, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among United States Adults |url=https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.200607-969OC |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=175 |issue=8 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200607-969OC |issn=1073-449X |pmc=1899290 |pmid=17255565 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118033709/https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.200607-969OC |dead-url=no }}</ref> === 反应机理 === 致癌物质亚硝胺产生于食物中天然含有的[[胺]]类与加工肉制品中[[亚硝酸盐]]的[[化学反应]]。 :R<sub>2</sub>NH（胺） + NaNO<sub>2</sub>（亚硝酸钠）→ R<sub>2</sub>N-N=O（亚硝胺） 在酸性环境（例如胃液）'''或'''中火加热条件（例如烹饪过程）下，亚硝胺可以形成[[重氮盐]]。 :R<sub>2</sub>N-N=O（亚硝胺） +（酸性环境或加热条件）→ R-N<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>（重氮盐） 特定的亚硝胺类化合物，例如[[N-亚硝胺]]<ref name="najm2001">{{Cite journal |last=Najm |first=Issam |last2=Trussell |first2=R. Rhodes |date=2001-02 |title=NDMA Formation in Water and Wastewater |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09129.x |journal=Journal - American Water Works Association |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09129.x}}</ref>和[[N-亚硝基四氢吡咯]]<ref name="bills1973">{{Cite journal |last=Bills |first=Donald D. |last2=Hildrum |first2=Kjell I. |last3=Scanlan |first3=Richard A. |last4=Libbey |first4=Leonard M. |date=1973-05 |title=Potential precursors of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in bacon and other fried foods |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf60189a029 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |doi=10.1021/jf60189a029 |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=4739004 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231749/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf60189a029 |dead-url=no }}</ref>可以产生[[碳正离子]]与细胞中的生物[[亲核试剂]]发生反应（例如[[DNA]]或[[酶]]）。 :R-N<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>（重氮盐）→ R<sup>+</sup>（碳正离子） + N<sub>2</sub>（离去基团） + :Nu（生物亲核试剂）→ R-Nu 一旦这样的[[SN1反应|亲核取代]]发生在一个生物大分子上的关键部位，就可能破坏细胞的正常功能，导致细胞[[癌变]]或[[细胞凋亡]]。 == 参考文献 == {{Reflist|2}} == 拓展阅读 == <small> * {{cite journal|journal=Journal of The Electrochemical Society|volume=114|issue=9|language=en|date=1967|pages=937|doi=10.1149/1.2426783|url=http://jes.ecsdl.org/cgi/doi/10.1149/1.2426783|title=Solvent Properties of Molten NaNO[sub 2] Using a Freezing Point Technique|accessdate=2019-04-04|author=Theodore R. Kozlowski, Roger F. Bartholomew}} </small> == 外部链接 == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/nitrate/ ATSDR - Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity]{{Wayback|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/nitrate/ |date=20100304080534 }} U.S. [[美国卫生及公共服务部|Department of Health and Human Services]] (public domain) * [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1120.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1120]{{Wayback|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1120.htm |date=20090310143415 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200125/http://ecb.jrc.it/ European Chemicals Bureau]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050402124230/http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/how/cure_smoke/nitrates_nitrites.html National Center for Home Food Preservation Nitrates and Nitrites]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122171331/http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=070B04E4-0E6C-7453-7747FB268B93D146 TR-495: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Nitrite (CAS NO. 7632-00-0) Drinking Water Studies in F344/N Rats and B6C3F<sub>1</sub> Mice]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228122314/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,208307,00.html FOX news article concerning carcinogicity and hot dogs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110101140455/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/nutrition/DJ0974.html Nitrite in Meat] {{亚硝酸盐}} {{DEFAULTSORT:亚硝酸钠}} [[Category:解毒剂]] [[Category:调色剂]] [[Category:缓蚀剂]] [[Category:固化剂]] [[Category:有E编码的食品添加剂]] [[Category:食品储藏室]] [[Category:亚硝酸盐]] [[Category:氧化剂]] [[Category:防腐剂]] [[Category:钠化合物]] [[Category:世界卫生组织基本药物]] [[Category:罕用药]] [[Category:自殺方法]]
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