查看“︁五氯化锑”︁的源代码

{{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 393176077
| Name = 五氯化锑
| ImageFileL1 = Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png
| ImageSizeL1 = 120
| ImageFileR1 = SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 150
| ImageFile2 = SbCl5.jpg
| ImageName2 = 五氯化銻
| ImageName = Antimony pentachloride
| IUPACName = Antimony pentachloride<br/>Antimony(V) chloride
| OtherNames = Antimonic chloride<br/>Antimony quintachloride<br/>Antimony perchloride
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| SMILES = Cl[Sb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl
| InChI = 1/5ClH.Sb.3H/h5*1H;;;;/q;;;;;+3;;;/p-5/r5ClH.H3Sb/h5*1H;1H3/q;;;;;+3/p-5
| InChIKey = KUGFODPTKMDJNG-MEZDTJOHAL
| InChI1 = 1/5ClH.Sb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+3/p-5
| InChIKey1 = PZVOXSCNPLCIRA-AACRGIKGAS
| CASNo = 7647-18-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| EINECS = 231-601-8
| RTECS = CC5075000
| ChemSpiderID = 10613049
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|Sb=1|Cl=5
| Appearance = 无色或黄色（挥发性）的液体
| Density = 2.336 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)<ref name=inchem /><br> 2.36 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 °C)<ref name="sigma" />
| Solubility = 分解
| SolubleOther = 溶于[[盐酸|HCl]], [[氯仿]]和[[四氯化碳|CCl<sub>4</sub>]]
| MeltingPtC = 2.8
| BoilingPtC = 140
|Boiling_notes=<br>106 °C开始分解<ref name=chemister>{{Cite web | url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1979 | title=Antimony(V) chloride | access-date=2021-09-18 | archive-date=2014-05-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529104045/http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1979 }}</ref><br> {{convert|79|C|F K}}当 22 mmHg<ref name=inchem>{{Cite web | url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/ukpids/ukpids/ukpid36.htm | title=Antimony pentachloride (UK PID) | access-date=2021-09-18 | archive-date=2021-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415141207/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ukpids/ukpids/ukpid36.htm }}</ref><br> {{convert|92|C|F K}}当 30 mmHg<ref name="sigma" />
| pKa =
| pKb =
| Viscosity = 2.034 cP (29.4 °C)<ref name=inchem /><br> 1.91 cP (35 °C)
| RefractIndex = 1.59255
| VaporPressure = 0.16 kPa (25 °C)<br> 4 kPa (40 °C)<br> 7.7 kPa (100 °C)<ref name=nist>{{nist|name=Antimony pentachloride|id=C7647189|accessdate=2014-05-29|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref>
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| MolShape = [[三角双锥形分子构型|三角双锥]]
| CrystalStruct =
| Dipole = 0 [[德拜|D]]
  }}
|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| HeatCapacity = 120.9 J/mol·K (gas)<ref name=chemister />
| Entropy = 295 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaHf = -437.2 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaGf = -345.35 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaHc =
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}{{GHS09}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=451673|name=Antimony(V) chloride|accessdate=2014-05-29}}</ref>
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|314|411}}<ref name="sigma" />
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|273|280|305+351+338|310}}<ref name="sigma" />
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-S = W
| FlashPtC = 77
| LD50 = 1115 mg/kg（大鼠，口服）<ref name=chemister />
| InhalationHazard = Toxic
| PEL= TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0036}}</ref>
| REL= TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH/>
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[五氟化锑]]
| OtherCations =[[五氯化磷]]
| OtherCpds = [[三氯化锑]]
  }}
}}

'''五氯化锑'''是一种有恶臭味的无色油状液体，常因混有杂质而显微黄色，遇水发生强烈[[水解]]。通常用于检验[[生物碱]]和[[铯]]，并用作有机氯化时的[[载体]]。它是一种中等强度的[[路易斯酸]]，与[[氢氟酸]]反应生成[[五氟化锑]]。

==制备与结构==
五氯化锑可通过将[[氯气]]通入熔融状态下的[[三氯化锑]]反应制得：

:<chem>SbCl3 + Cl2 -> SbCl5</chem>

气态的SbCl<sub>5</sub>为三角双锥结构。<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref>

==反应==
五氯化锑会水解成[[盐酸]]和锑的[[氯氧化物]]。由于六氯锑酸根[[配离子]]的形成，该反应在有大量氯离子的环境下被抑制：
:SbCl<sub>5</sub> + Cl<sup>−</sup> → [SbCl<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−</sup>

它会和多种路易斯碱形成加合物。SbCl<sub>5</sub>是一种[[HSAB|软酸]]，{{le|ECW模型|ECW model}}的参数是 E<sub>A</sub> = 3.64 和C<sub>A</sub> = 10.42。它也是{{le|Gutmann配体数|Gutmann donor number|Gutmann路易斯碱度}}的标准路易斯酸。<ref>{{cite journal | author = V. Gutmann | journal = [[Coord. Chem. Rev.]] | volume = 18 | year = 1976 | pages = 225–255 | doi = 10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7 | title = Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds | issue = 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Cramer, R. E. |author2=Bopp, T. T. |year=1977|title= Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1977-10_54_10/page/612 |journal= Journal of Chemical Education |volume=54|pages=612–613|doi= 10.1021/ed054p612}} The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C parameters are listed in [[ECW model]]. </ref>   

五氯化锑是强[[氧化剂]]，<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Connelly, N. G. |author2=Geiger, W. E. | title = Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry | journal = [[Chem. Rev.]] | year = 1996 | volume = 96 |issue=2 | pages = 877–922 | doi = 10.1021/cr940053x | pmid = 11848774}}</ref>  会直接把芳香醚氧化成自由基阳离子：<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jo980407a|title=Preparation and Structures of Crystalline Aromatic Cation-Radical Salts. Triethyloxonium Hexachloroantimonate as a Novel (One-Electron) Oxidant|year=1998|last1=Rathore|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=A. S.|last3=Lindeman|first3=S. V.|last4=Kochi|first4=J. K.|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|volume=63|issue=17|pages=5847–5856|pmid=11672186|url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1696&context=chem_fac|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427025738/https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1696&context=chem_fac}}</ref>
:3{{nbsp}}SbCl<sub>5</sub>  +  2 ArH  →  2{{nbsp}}(ArH<sup>+</sup>)(SbCl<sub>6</sub><sup>-</sup>)  +  SbCl<sub>3</sub>

==危险==
五氯化锑是一种腐蚀性很强的物质，应远离热源和湿气储存。 它是一种氯化剂，在存在水分的情况下会释放氯化氢气体。 因此，如果在潮湿的环境中处理，它甚至可能蚀刻不锈钢工具（如针）。 五氯化锑不应使用非氟化塑料（如塑料注射器、塑料隔垫或带塑料配件的针头）处理，因为它会使塑料熔化和碳化。<ref>Shekarchi, M.; Behbahani, F. K  ''Catal. Lett.'' '''2017''' ''147'' 2950. doi:10.1007/s10562-017-2194-2 </ref>

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}
{{锑化合物}}
{{氯化物}}
{{Commons category|Antimony pentachloride}}

[[Category:氯化物]]
[[Category:卤化锑]]
[[Category:五价锑化合物]]