查看“︁乙酸铵”︁的源代码

{{chembox
|Verifiedfields=changed
|Watchedfields=changed
|verifiedrevid=444918095
|NameEn=Ammonium acetate
|ImageFile=Ammonium-acetate-2D.png
|ImageSize=100px
|ImageName=Ammonium acetate skeletal formula
|ImageFile1=Ammonium-acetate-3D-balls.png
|ImageSize1=100px
|ImageName1=Ball-and-stick model of ammonium acetate
|ImageFile2=Ammonium-acetate.JPG
|ImageSize2=200px
|ImageName2=Crystalline of ammonium acetate
|IUPACName=Ammonium ethanoate
|OtherNames=
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = RRE756S6Q2
| InChI = 1/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
| SMILES = O=C([O-])C.[NH4+]
| InChIKey = USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYAY
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 631-61-8
| RTECS = AF3675000
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID=11925
| PubChem=517165
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI=62947
  }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| N=1 | H=7 | C=2 | O=2
| Appearance = 白色易[[潮解]]晶体
| Odor = 轻微乙酸味
| Density = 1.17 g/cm<sup>3</sup>（20 °C）<ref name=pphoic>{{cite book|last = Pradyot|first = Patnaik|year = 2003|title = Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals|publisher = The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.|isbn = 0-07-049439-8}}</ref><br> 1.073 g/cm<sup>3</sup>（25 °C）
| SolubleOther = 可溶于[[乙醇]]、[[二氧化硫|SO<sub>2</sub>]]、[[丙酮]]和[[液氨]]<ref name=chemister />
| Solubility = 102 g/100 mL（0 °C）<br> 148 g/100 mL（4 °C）<ref name=pphoic /><br> 143 g/100 mL（20 °C）<br> 533 g/100 mL（80 °C）
| Solubility1 = 7.89 g/100 mL（15 °C）<ref name=tedia /><ref name=pphoic /><br> 131.24 g/100 g（94.2 °C）<ref name=chemister>{{Cite web|url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=354|title=Ammonium acetate|access-date=2022-08-26|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152548/http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=354|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| Solvent1 = 甲醇
| Solubility2 = 0.1 g/100 g<ref name=chemister />
| Solvent2 = 二甲基甲酰胺
| MeltingPtC = 113
| Melting_notes =<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=Arthur W.|last2=McAllister|first2=Walter H.|title=Solutions of Salts in Pure Acetic Acid. Ii. Solubilities of Acetates1|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=52|issue=2|year=1930|pages=507–519|issn=0002-7863|doi=10.1021/ja01365a010}}</ref>
| BoilingPtC =
| Boiling_notes =
| pKa = 9.9
| pKb = 33
| Viscosity = 21
| MagSus = -41.1·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
  }}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = [[正交晶系]]
  }}
|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −615 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
  }}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/a5508.htm JT Baker]
| MainHazards = 刺激性
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}<ref name=tedia />
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|303|316|320|333}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|281|335}}
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 1
| NFPA-R = 1
| FlashPt = 136 ℃<ref name=tedia>{{cite web|url = http://reports.tedia.com/msds/M0009.pdf|title = Safety Data Sheet of Ammonium Acetate|date = 2011-08-12|website = tedia.com|publisher = Tedia Company Inc.|access-date = 2014-06-10|archive-date = 2022-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221207152715/http://reports.tedia.com/msds/M0009.pdf|dead-url = no}}</ref>
| LD50 = 386 mg/kg（小鼠，静脉注射）<ref name=chemister />
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   OtherAnions = [[硝酸铵]]，[[硫酸銨]]
|   OtherCations = [[乙酸钠]]，[[乙酸鉀]]
  }}
}}
'''乙酸銨'''是[[乙酸]]的[[铵盐]]，分子式為CH<sub>3</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub>。它是白色、易[[潮解]]的晶体，可以由[[乙酸]]和[[氨]]反应而成。它可以在商业上买到。<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann | author1 = Hosea Cheung | author2 = Robin S. Tanke | author3 = G. Paul Torrence | title = Acetic Acid | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a01_045.pub2}}</ref>

== 制备==
乙酸铵可以由[[碳酸铵]]和乙酸中和而成或是由[[冰醋酸]]和[[氨气]]反应而成：<ref>{{cite book|last=Brannt|first=William|title=A practical treatise on the manufacture of vinegar|year=1914|publisher=Henry Carey Baird & Co.|location=Lancaster, PA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/practicaltreatman00branrich/page/316 316]–317|url=https://archive.org/details/practicaltreatman00branrich}}</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{ 2 \ CH_3COOH + (NH_4)_2CO_3 \longrightarrow  2 \ NH_4(CH_3COO) + \ H_2O + \ CO_2 \uparrow }</math>
:<math>\mathrm{CH_3COOH + NH_3 \longrightarrow  NH_4(CH_3COO)}</math>

== 反应==
乙酸铵加热脱水，生成[[乙酰胺]]：<ref name="eEROS">''Ammonium acetate.'' In: ''e-EROS [[Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis]].'' John Wiley and Sons, 1999–2013, abgerufen am 17. Februar 2018.</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{CH_3COONH_4 \  \xrightarrow[]{\Delta} \ CH_3{-}CO{-}NH_2 + H_2O}</math>

在有机合成中，乙酸铵可用来引入氮原子。<ref name="eEROS" />它和醇在铱催化剂存在下反应，生成[[叔胺]]。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Yamaguchi | first=Ryohei | last2=Kawagoe | first2=Shoko | last3=Asai | first3=Chiho | last4=Fujita | first4=Ken-ichi | title=Selective Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Amines by Cp*Iridium-Catalyzed Multialkylation of Ammonium Salts with Alcohols | journal=Organic Letters | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=10 | issue=2 | date=2007-12-13 | issn=1523-7060 | doi=10.1021/ol702522k | pages=181–184}}</ref><ref name="eEROS" />

:<math>\mathrm{CH_3COONH_4 + 3 RCH_2OH \  \xrightarrow[]{(CpIr^*Cl_2)_2} \ N(CH_2R)_3 + CH_3COOH + 3 H_2O}</math>

乙酸铵、1,3-二羰基化合物和[[苯偶姻]]衍生物的[[一锅法]]会生成四取代[[吡咯]]，反应不需要溶剂和催化剂。<ref name="Bhat">{{cite journal | last=Bhat | first=Subrahmanya Ishwar | last2=Trivedi | first2=Darshak R. | title=A catalyst- and solvent-free three-component reaction for the regioselective one-pot access to polyfunctionalized pyrroles | journal=Tetrahedron Letters | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=54 | issue=41 | year=2013 | issn=0040-4039 | doi=10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.153 | pages=5577–5582}}</ref><ref name="eEROS" />

[[File:Pyrroles synthesis01.svg|675px]]

在[[汉奇吡啶合成反应]]的变种中，1,4-二氢吡啶的衍生物可以通过β-羰基羧酸酯、[[醛]]和乙酸铵的反应产生。<ref name="Azizi">{{cite journal | last=Heydari | first=Akbar | last2=Azizi | first2=Kobra | last3=Azarnia | first3=Jamshid | last4=Karimi | first4=Meghdad | last5=Yazdani | first5=Elahe | title=Novel Magnetically Separable Sulfated Boric Acid Functionalized Nanoparticles for Hantzsch Ester Synthesis | journal=Synlett | publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag KG | volume=27 | issue=12 | date=2016-04-26 | issn=0936-5214 | doi=10.1055/s-0035-1561441 | pages=1810–1813}}</ref><ref name="eEROS" />

[[File:Dihydropyridines synthesis01.svg|580px]]

==用处==
乙酸铵可用作[[缓冲物质]]。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Williams | first=Robert J. | last2=Lyman | first2=Carl M. | title=The Use of Ammonium Acetate as a Buffer | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=54 | issue=11 | year=1932 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja01350a503 | pages=4458–4458}}</ref>由于它在低压下会[[挥发]]，因此在制备质谱样品时被用于替代不挥发的缓冲物质。<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = Preparation of single cells for imaging/profiling mass spectrometry| journal = J Am Soc Mass Spectrom | volume = 19 | pages = 1230–1236 | doi=10.1016/j.jasms.2008.05.006 | last1 = Berman | first1 = Elena S. F. | last2 = Fortson | first2 = Susan L. | last3 = Checchi | first3 = Kyle D. | last4 = Wu | first4 = Ligang | last5 = Felton | first5 = James S. | last6 = Kuang Jen | first6 = J. Wu | last7 = Kulp | first7 = Kristen S.| issue = 8| pmid = 18565760| doi-access = free }}</ref>乙酸铵也被用作[[食品添加剂]]，[[食品添加剂国际编码系统|食品添加剂国际编码]]为264。它已被澳大利亚和纽西兰批准使用。<ref>Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code {{cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |title=Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902084805/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

此外，乙酸铵还用于纺织和橡胶工业、农业和食品技术以及各种有机合成中。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barthakur | first=Madan | title=Ammonium Acetate | journal=Synlett | publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag KG | volume=2007 | issue=9 | year=2007 | issn=0936-5214 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-980375 | pages=1475–1476}}</ref>

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}
{{乙酸盐}}
{{铵盐}}

[[Category:有机酸铵盐]]
[[Category:乙酸盐]]