查看“︁三氯硅烷”︁的源代码

{{chembox
| Name = 三氯硅烷
| ImageFile = Trichlorosilane-2D-stereo.png
| ImageSize = 120px
| ImageFileL1 = Trichlorosilane-3D-balls.png
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageFileR1 = Trichlorosilane-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| IUPACName = Trichlorosilane
| OtherNames = 三氯氢硅<br />硅氯仿<br />三氯甲硅烷
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 23196
| InChI = 1/Cl3HSi/c1-4(2)3/h4H
| InChIKey = ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYAH
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/Cl3HSi/c1-4(2)3/h4H
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 10025-78-2
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = QZY2645L6V
| PubChem = 24811
| SMILES = Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl
| EINECS = 233-042-5
| RTECS = VV5950000
| UNNumber = 1295
  }}
|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = HCl<sub>3</sub>Si
|   MolarMass = 135.4524
|   Appearance = 无色液体
|   Density = 1.342 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|   MeltingPt = -126.6 °C
|   BoilingPt = 31.8 °C
|   Solubility = 遇水分解<ref name="BGIA GESTIS">{{GESTIS|Name=Trichlorsilan|ZVG=510387|CAS=10025-78-2|Datum=6.10.2007}}</ref>
|   VaporPressure = 0.660 bar (20 °C)
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc05/icsc0591.htm ICSC 0591]
| EUClass = 极易燃 ('''F+''')<br/>有害 ('''Xn''')<br/>腐蚀性 ('''C''')
| EUIndex = 014-001-00-9
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 4
| NFPA-R = 2
| NFPA-O = W
| RPhrases = {{R12}}, {{R14}}, {{R17}}, {{R20/22}}, {{R29}}, {{R35}}
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S7/9}}, {{S16}}, {{S26}}, {{S36/37/39}}, {{S43}}, {{S45}}
| FlashPt = -27 °C
| Autoignition = 185 °C
| ExploLimits = 1.2–90.5%
| PEL = 
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   OtherFunctn = [[氯硅烷|一氯硅烷]]<br/>[[二氯硅烷]]<br/>[[四氯化硅]]
|    Function = 氯硅烷
|   OtherCpds = [[三氟硅烷]]<br/>[[氯仿]]
  }}
}}

'''三氯硅烷'''是一种无机化合物，化学式为SiHCl<sub>3</sub>，由[[弗里德里希·维勒]]和{{ld|海因里希·布夫|Heinrich_Buff_(Physiker)}}于1857年发现。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Buff | first=H. | last2=Wöhler | first2=F. | title=Ueber neue Verbindungen des Siliciums | journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie | publisher=Wiley | volume=104 | issue=1 | year=1857 | issn=0075-4617 | doi=10.1002/jlac.18571040108 | pages=94–109 | language=de}}</ref>

==制备==
经干燥的[[硅]]粉在氯化沸腾炉中与干燥[[氯化氢]]气体在340°C下进行反应，生成的粗三氯氢硅经湿法除尘器、列管冷凝器去蒸馏塔分离[[四氯化硅]]，再经冷凝，得成品。<ref name="zghg">中国化工产品大全 上卷，Bc111 三氯氢硅，页120</ref>利用硅铁和HCl的反应也可以得到产物。
:<math>\rm \ Si+3HCl \rightarrow SiHCl_3+H_2</math>

==性质==
无色有刺激腥臭味的液体。遇水分解，溶于[[二硫化碳]]、[[四氯化碳]]、[[氯仿]]、[[苯]]等。易燃，在空气中能自燃。有毒！<ref name="zghg" />

它可以和烯烃发生加成反应。乙烯的[[氢硅烷化反应]]如下：<ref>R. H. 克拉布特里 编, 江焕峰, 祝诗发 译. 现代化学基础丛书 30. 《过渡金属有机化学》. 北京：科学出版社, 2012. pp.224. 9.5 烯烃的氢硅烷化和硼氢化反应. ISBN 978-7-03-035016-9</ref>
: Cl<sub>3</sub>Si-H + H<sub>2</sub>C=CH<sub>2</sub> → Cl<sub>3</sub>Si-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>
这一反应通过H<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub>、Co<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>8</sub>、Ni(cod)<sub>2</sub>、NiCl<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>或RhCl(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>之类的催化剂催化。

==用途==
用作[[有机硅化合物]]的原料，也是生产[[多晶硅]]的基本原料。<ref name="zghg" />它在有机合成中也可以用于将非末端[[烯烃]]转化为末端烯烃。<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Organic Letters|volume=21|issue=17|language=en|issn=1523-7060|date=2019-09-06|pages=7129–7133|doi=10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02695|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02695|title=Contra-thermodynamic Olefin Isomerization by Chain-Walking Hydrofunctionalization and Formal Retro-hydrofunctionalization|accessdate=2021-08-11|author=Steven Hanna, Trevor W. Butcher, John F. Hartwig|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703051039/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02695}}</ref>

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:氯硅烷]]
[[Category:1850年代发现的物质]]