查看“︁三氯化铈”︁的源代码

{{chembox
|   Reference = <ref name="BGIA GESTIS">{{GESTIS|Name=Cer(III)-chlorid|ZVG=122852|CAS=7790-86-5|Datum=6. Oktober 2007}}.</ref>
|   Name = 三氯化铈
|   ImageFile = CeriumIIIchloride.jpg
|   ImageFileL1 = UCl3 without caption.png
|   ImageFileR1 = Cerium bromide (space filling) 2.png
|   ImageName = 三氯化铈
|   IUPACName = Cerium(III) chloride<br />Cerium trichloride
|   OtherNames = 氯化铈(III)
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 23038
| InChI = 1/Ce.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 35458
| SMILES = [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ce+3]
| InChIKey = VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-DFZHHIFOAZ
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/Ce.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K
| CASNo = 7790-86-5
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo_Comment = 无水

| CASNo2 = 16651-27-7
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2_Comment = 六水
| CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo3 = 18618-55-8
| CASNo3_Comment = 七水
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII =TH8E3IE00V
| RTECS = 
| PubChem = 24636
  }}
|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = CeCl<sub>3</sub>
|   MolarMass1 = 246.48 g/mol (无水物) <br /> 372.58 g/mol (七水合物)
|   Appearance = 白色潮解粉末
|   Density = 3.97 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|   Solubility = 100 g/100 ml
|   SolOther = 可溶于[[乙醇]]、[[丙酮]]
|   MeltingPt = 817 °C (无水物) <br /> 90 °C (七水合物分解)
|   BoilingPt = 1727 °C
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
|   CrystalStruct = [[六方晶系]]，hP8
|   SpaceGroup = P6<sub>3</sub>/m, No. 176
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   ExternalMSDS =
|   EUClass = 刺激性 ('''Xi''')
|   RPhrases = {{R36/37/38}}
|   SPhrases = {{S26}}, {{S36}}
|   FlashPt = 不可燃
|   LD50 = 2111 mg/kg (大鼠经口)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/2902MSDS.PDF |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015707/http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/2902MSDS.PDF |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   OtherAnions = [[三氟化铈]]<br />[[三溴化铈]]<br />[[三碘化铈]]
|   OtherCations = [[氯化镧]]
  }}
}}

'''三氯化铈'''，别名'''氯化铈'''、'''氯化铈(III)'''，化学式CeCl<sub>3</sub>。

==性质==
无色易[[潮解]]块状结晶或粉末。露置于潮湿空气中时，迅速吸收水分生成组成不定的水合物。<ref>Alfa 和 Strem 等主要试剂生产商在产品目录上将三氯化铈水合物的化学式标为 CeCl<sub>3</sub>·''x''H<sub>2</sub>O。 Aldrich 则提供七水物。</ref>易溶于水，可溶于乙醇和[[丙酮]]。<ref name="Paquette1999">{{cite book en|title=Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation|last=Paquette|first=L. A.|authorlink=|editor=Coates, R. M.; Denmark, S. E. (eds.)|year=1999|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|isbn=|pages=|url=}} ISBN 0471979244.</ref>

水合物直接在空气中加热时会发生少量水解。<ref name="EdelmannPoremba1997">{{cite book en|title=Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry|volume=VI|last=Edelmann|first=F. T.|authorlink=|coauthors=Poremba, P.|editor=Herrmann, W. A. (ed.)|year=1997|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn=|pages=|url=}} ISBN 3131030216.</ref>若在真空中加热七水合物数小时逐渐至140°C，则可得到无水三氯化铈，根據Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis，在70-100°C時晶體已經可以脫去大量的水，可在此溫度維持一段時間再提升溫度，加熱時並須同時使用攪拌子攪拌晶體，最後所生成產物為粉狀固體，可以儲存於乾燥箱中，使用前需再加熱抽真空除水。<ref name="Paquette1999" /><ref name="JohnsonTait1987">{{cite journal en|last=Johnson |first=C. R. |authorlink= |coauthors=Tait, B. D. |year=1987 |month= |title=A cerium(III) modification of the Peterson reaction: methylenation of readily enolizable carbonyl compounds |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=281–283 |issn=0022-3263 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Dimitrov1996">{{cite journal en|last=Dimitrov |first=Vladimir |authorlink= |coauthors=Kostova, Kalina; Genov, Miroslav |year=1996 |month= |title=Anhydrous cerium(III) chloride — Effect of the drying process on activity and efficiency |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=37 |issue=37 |pages=6787–6790 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(96)01479-7 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>用此法制得的无水三氯化铈可能还含有少量水解产物CeOCl，但已经可与[[有机锂试剂]]和[[格氏试剂]]共用，用于有机合成。

纯的无水三氯化铈可通过①将水合物在高真空中和4～6倍[[氯化铵]]存在下缓慢加热至400°C，<ref name="EdelmannPoremba1997" /><ref name="Taylor1962">{{cite journal en|last=Taylor |first=M. D. |authorlink= |coauthors=Carter, P. C. |year=1962 |month= |title=Preparation of anhydrous lanthanide halides, especially iodides |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=387–391 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(62)80034-7  |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="KutscherSchneider1971">{{cite journal en|last=Kutscher |first=J. |authorlink= |coauthors=Schneider, A. |year=1971 |month= |title= |journal=Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. |volume=7 |issue= |pages=815 |doi= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Greenwood1984">{{cite book en|title=Chemistry of the Elements|last=Greenwood|first=N. N.|authorlink=|coauthors=Earnshaw, A.|year=1984|publisher=Pergamon Press|location=New York|isbn=|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryofeleme0000gree}} ISBN 0080220568.</ref>或②将水合物与过量[[氯化亚砜]]共热3小时而制得。<ref name="EdelmannPoremba1997" /><ref name="Freeman1958">{{cite journal en|last=Freeman |first=J. H. |authorlink= |coauthors=Smith, M. L. |year=1958 |month= |title=The preparation of anhydrous inorganic chlorides by dehydration with thionyl chloride |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(58)80073-1 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>此外还可以通过单质铈与氯气化合制备无水三氯化铈。<ref name="Druding1961">{{cite journal en|last=Druding |first=L. F. |authorlink= |coauthors=Corbett, J. D. |year=1961 |month= |title= |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=83 |issue= |pages=2462–2467 |issn=00027863 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Corbett1973">{{cite journal en|last=Corbett |first=J. D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1973 |month= |title= |journal=Rev. Chim. Minerale |volume=10 |issue= |pages=239 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>它一般通过在高真空下高温升华纯化。


==制备==
将[[稀土]]硫酸铵复盐与[[氢氧化钠]]反应，转化为氢氧化稀土。再用空气将后者中的铈氧化为四价铈，以[[稀盐酸]]浸出使铈富集，再经溶解、萃取、结晶，制得三氯化铈。
:<math>\rm \ Ce(OH)_3+3HCl\rightarrow CeCl_3+3H_2O</math>

==用途==
用作制取[[铈]]和其他铈盐的原料、石油催化剂，以及有机合成中的[[路易斯酸]]等。三氯化铈可作[[三氟甲磺酸铈]]的制取原料，后者是有机合成中的路易斯酸，用于[[傅－克酰基化反应]]。三氯化铈自身也是一种路易斯酸，用于[[傅－克反应#傅－克烷基化反应|傅－克烷基化反应]]。<ref>{{cite journal en|last=Mine |first=Norioki |authorlink= |coauthors=Fujiwara, Yuzo;Taniguchi, Hiroshi |year=1986 |month= |title=Trichlorolanthanoid (LnCl<sub>3</sub>)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions |journal=Chemistry Letters |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=357–360 |doi=10.1246/cl.1986.357 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>

七水合三氯化铈与[[硼氢化钠]]共用时可作为[[Luche还原反应]]<ref name="Luche1978">{{cite journal en|last=Luche |first=Jean-Louis |authorlink= |coauthors=Rodriguez-Hahn, Lydia; Crabbé, Pierre |year=1978 |month= |title=Reduction of natural enones in the presence of cerium trichloride |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications |volume= |issue= |pages=601–602 |doi=10.1039/C39780000601 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>中的试剂。该反应是有机合成中将[[α,β-不饱和酮]]还原的常用方法之一。例如，[[香芹酮]]在三氯化铈和硼氢化钠共同作用下，可以控制只有羰基双键被还原，生成（1），而不产生（2）；而无三氯化铈时，产物则为（1）和（2）的混合物。
:[[Image:Luche reduction.png|400px|Luche还原]]
另一例子是用三氯化铈促进的[[酮]]的[[烷化反应]]。此法避免了使用有机锂试剂时产生的[[烯醇负离子]]。<ref name="JohnsonTait1987" />
:[[Image:Cerium alkylation.png|400px|CeCl3催化的烷基化反应]]

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}

{{铈化合物}}
{{氯化物}}
[[Category:三价铈化合物]]
[[Category:氯化物]]
[[Category:镧系金属卤化物]]
[[Category:酸催化剂]]