查看“︁三氯化氮”︁的源代码

{{Chembox
|   Name = 三氯化氮
|   ImageFile = Nitrogen-trichloride-2D.png
|   ImageSize = 100px
|   ImageName = 三氯化氮
|   ImageFile1 = Nitrogen-trichloride-3D-vdW.png
|   ImageSize1 = 100px
|   ImageName1 = 三氯化氮
|   ImageFile2 = Nitrogen trichloride.JPG
|   OtherNames = 氯化氮(III)、三氯胺
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 55361
| InChI = 1/Cl3N/c1-4(2)3
| InChIKey = QEHKBHWEUPXBCW-UHFFFAOYAZ
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 37382
| SMILES = ClN(Cl)Cl
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/Cl3N/c1-4(2)3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = QEHKBHWEUPXBCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 10025-85-1
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = VA681HRW8W
| PubChem = 61437
| RTECS = QW974000
| EINECS = 233-045-1
| Gmelin = 1840
  }}
|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = NCl<sub>3</sub>
|   MolarMass = 120.36 
|   Appearance = 黄色油状液体
|   Density = 1.635 g/mL
|   Solubility = 不溶<br />缓慢分解
|   MeltingPt = -40 °C (233 K)
|   BoilingPt = 71 °C (344 K)
|   Viscosity = 
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
|   MolShape = [[三角锥形分子构型|三角锥]]
|   Dipole = 0.6 [[德拜|D]]
  }}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
|   DeltaHf = +232 kJ/mol
|   Entropy = ? J.K<sup>−1</sup>.mol<sup>−1</sup>
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   EUClass = 易爆
|   NFPA-H = 2
|   NFPA-F = 0|   NFPA-R = 4
|   NFPA-O = OX
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|   OtherAnions = [[三氟化氮]]、[[三溴化氮]]、<br />[[三碘化氮]]
|   OtherCations = [[三氯化磷]]、[[三氯化砷]]
|   Function = [[氯胺]]
|   OtherFunctn = [[氯胺]]、[[二氯胺]]
|   OtherCpds = [[硝酰氯]]}}
}}
'''三氯化氮'''，也称为'''三氯胺'''，是[[化学式]]为NCl<sub>3</sub>的[[化合物]]。这个黄色、油状、具有刺激性气味的液体，经常可以在[[氨]]的衍生物与[[氯]]的反应的副产物中见到。纯的NCl<sub>3</sub>是非常活泼的。把自来水用[[氯胺]]消毒，就会有少量三氯化氮产生。

== 制备和结构 ==
三氯化氮可由氯气与铵盐（例如[[硝酸铵]]）的反应来制备：
: <math>\rm 4NH_3 + 3Cl_2 \longrightarrow NCl_3 + 3NH_4Cl</math>
反应中间体包括[[氯胺]]（NH<sub>2</sub>Cl）和[[二氯胺]]（NHCl<sub>2</sub>）。

NCl<sub>3</sub>分子具有三角锥结构，N-Cl键长为1.76 Â，Cl-N-Cl键角为107°。<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> 氮（3.04）和氯（3.16）的电负性相差不大。

== 反应 ==
三氯化氮水解生成[[氨]]和[[次氯酸]]：
:<math>\rm NCl_3+3H_2O \rightarrow NH_3+3HClO</math>

== 安全 ==
三氯化氮非常容易爆炸，对光、热和有机化合物都非常敏感。[[皮埃尔·路易·杜隆]]在1812年首先制得三氯化氮，在制备的过程中丢掉了两个手指和一只眼睛。[[漢弗里·戴維]]也因制备三氯化氮而导致視力受損，因此僱用[[麥可·法拉第]]作为合作者。<ref>{{cite journal 
| author= Humphry Davy 
| title = On a New Detonating Compound
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 
| year = 1813
| volume = 103
| issue = 
| pages = 1–7
| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0261-0523%281813%29103%3C1%3AOANDC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 
| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1813.0002}}</ref>

比利时的研究人员报告，NCl<sub>3</sub>和儿童[[哮喘]]（氣喘）病例的上升有潜在的联系<ref>{{cite journal en
 |title       = Chlorinated pool attendance, atopy, and the risk of asthma during childhood
 |author      = Bernard A, Carbonnelle S, de Burbure C, Michel O, Nickmilder M
 |journal     = Environmental Health Perspectives
 |year        = 2006
 |volume      = 114
 |issue       = 10
 |url         = http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8461/8461.pdf
 |pages       = 1567–1573
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528143045/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8461/8461.pdf
 |archivedate = 2008-05-28
 |access-date = 2008-07-18
}}</ref>。2017年，香港经济日报<ref>{{cite news |url=https://topick.hket.com/article/1878381/?lcc=at |title=游水眼紅流鼻涕 原來氯氣溝尿變出刺激物 |publisher=[[香港經濟日報]] |date=2017-08-18 |accessdate=2017-09-02 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902011044/https://topick.hket.com/article/1878381/?lcc=at |dead-url=no }}</ref>引用2014年[[普渡大學]]及[[中国农业大学]]一项研究，指三氯化氮作為一種含氨的[[尿液]]與用作游泳池消毒的氯氣混合後的副產物之一，普遍存在於泳池水裡，刺激泳客而使他們[[眼紅]]及流鼻涕。

== 注解 ==
{{reflist}}

== 参考文献 ==
<div class="references-small">
*Jander, J. (1976). ''Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem.'' '''19''': 2.
*{{cite journal en
| title = Chemistry of N-bromamines and N-chloramines
| author= P. Kovacic, M. K. Lowery, K. W. Field
| journal= Chemical Reviews
| year= 1970
| volume = 70
| issue= 6
| doi = 10.1021/cr60268a002| pages = 639
}}
*{{cite journal en
| title = Structure of Solide Nitrogen-Trichloride (-125°C)
| author= Hartl, H.;, Schoner, J.; Jander, J.; Schulz, H.
| journal= Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
| year= 1975
| volume = 413
| issue= 1
| pages = 61–71
| doi = 10.1002/zaac.19754130108
}}
*{{cite journal en
| title = Molecula-Structure, Nuclear-Quadruple Coupling-Constant and Dipole-Moment of Nitrogen Trichloride from Microwave Spectroscopy
| author= Cazzoli, G.; Favero, P. G.; Dalborgo, A.
| journal= Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
| year= 1974
| volume = 50
| issue= 1-3
| pages = 82
| doi = 10.1016/0022-2852(74)90219-7
}}
*{{cite journal en
| title = Nitrogen-chlorine compounds: Infrared spectra and Raman spectra of nitrogen trichloride
| author= Bayersdo, L.; Engelhar, U., Fischer, J.; Hohne, K.; Jander, J.
| journal= Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie
| year= 1969
| volume = 366
| issue= 3-4
| pages = 169-
| doi = 10.1002/zaac.19693660308
}}</div>

== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_257450.html OSHA - 三氯化氮]{{Wayback|url=http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_257450.html |date=20080905104204 }}
{{无机氮化合物}}
{{氯化物}}

[[Category:无机胺]]
[[Category:氯化物]]
[[Category:三价氮化合物]]
[[Category:氮卤化物]]
[[Category:1810年代发现的物质]]